Useful Phrases for Structured Structured Monologue

Useful Phrases for Structured Structured Monologue M. Platonova â€Å"Materials for the Speaking Part of the Centralised Exam† Structuring When delivering a structured monologue, one of the ways to begin your presentation is to outline its structure, using one of the following phrases: I’ve divided my presentation/speech into three (main) parts. In my presentation/speech I’ll focus on three major issues. M. Platonova â€Å"Materials for the Speaking Part of the Centralised Exam† Effective Openings In order to grab the attention of the audience you may employ one of the following devices: Rhetorical questions;Interesting facts; Stories and scenarios; Problems to think about; Quotations. M. Platonova â€Å"Materials for the Speaking Part of the Centralised Exam† Rhetorical questions Is market research important for product development? Do we really need time management seminars? Interesting facts According to an article I read recently, †¦ Did yo u know that †¦ ? I’d like to share an amazing fact / figure with you. M. Platonova â€Å"Materials for the Speaking Part of the Centralised Exam† Stories and Scenarios Let me tell you what happened to me †¦ Suppose †¦ Imagine †¦ Problem Problem to think aboutSuppose you wanted to †¦ . How would you go about it? Imagine you had to †¦ . What would be your first step? M. Platonova â€Å"Materials for the Speaking Part of the Centralised Exam† Quoting a well-known person As †¦ once said, †¦ To quote a well-known writer, †¦ To To put it in the words of †¦ M. Platonova â€Å"Materials for the Speaking Part of the Centralised Exam† Introducing a Point When delivering the presentation on the particular subject it is relevant to introduce the key points. You may use one of the following phrases: First First of all I'd like to point out †¦ The main problem is †¦ The question of †¦Speaking of †¦ M . Platonova â€Å"Materials for the Speaking Part of the Centralised Exam† Enumeration of points If you are asked to provide several reasons, factors or arguments in a row, you have to organize them in the logical way. In order to structure your answer properly enumerate the main points using one of the suggested phrases: first first of all, I’d like to say †¦ in addition to that †¦ moreover, †¦ furthermore, †¦ another example of this is †¦ first, second, third †¦ Finally, †¦ M. Platonova â€Å"Materials for the Speaking Part of the Centralised Exam† Moving to the next pointThis leads directly to my next point. This brings us to the next question. Let’s now move on / turn to †¦ After examining this point, let’s turn to †¦ Let’s now take a look at †¦ M. Platonova â€Å"Materials for the Speaking Part of the Centralised Exam† Going back As I said / mentioned earlier, †¦ Let me come back to what I said before †¦ Let’s go back to what we were discussing earlier. As I’ve already explained, †¦ As I pointed out in the first section, †¦ M. Platonova â€Å"Materials for the Speaking Part of the Centralised Exam† Stating something as a fact Do not be afraid to state some information as a well-known act, if it is justified by the subject of discussion. However, you should be very careful when applying one of the following phrases: As As everyone knows †¦ It is generally accepted that †¦ There can be no doubt that †¦ It is a fact that †¦ Nobody will deny that †¦ Everyone knows that †¦ M. Platonova â€Å"Materials for the Speaking Part of the Centralised Exam† Giving Your Opinion There exist a variety of ways how to express your opinion when speaking English. The choice of an expression to be used in the particular situation depends on how strong your opinion is, i. e. how sure you are about a artic ular thing. M. Platonova „Materials for the Speaking Part of the Centralised Exam† Giving Your Opinion Neutrally I think†¦ I feel that†¦ In my opinion†¦ As As far as I'm concerned†¦ As I see it†¦ In my view I tend to think that†¦ From my point of view†¦ M. Platonova „Materials for the Speaking Part of the Centralised Exam† Giving a Strong Opinion I'm absolutely convinced that†¦ I'm sure that†¦ I strongly believe that†¦ I have no doubt that†¦ There is no doubt that †¦ I am absolutely certain that †¦ M. Platonova „Materials for the Speaking Part of the Centralised Exam† Expressing Uncertainty I definitely doubt if that †¦I am not sure that †¦ I am not certain that †¦ As far as I know †¦ It is very doubtful whether †¦ M. Platonova „Materials for the Speaking Part of the Centralised Exam† Giving reasons These standard phrases are useful in a variety o f situations, when you are asked to explain something providing additional information or giving the reasons. The reason for this is (that) †¦ I base my argument on †¦ I tell you all this because †¦ M. Platonova â€Å"Materials for the Speaking Part of the Centralised Exam† Rephrasing Expressions Sometimes we say things that other people don't understand, or we give the wrong impression.If you are asked to explain or clarify your idea, do not use the same expressions and/or phrases, try to reformulate it starting your answer using one of the following phrases: M. Platonova „Materials for the Speaking Part of the Centralised Exam† What I meant to say was†¦ Let me rephrase that†¦ Let me put this another way†¦ Perhaps Perhaps I'm not making myself clear†¦ The basic idea is†¦ One way of looking at it is†¦ Another way of looking at it is†¦ What I want to say is†¦ M. Platonova „Materials for the Speaking Part of the Centralised Exam† Indicating the end of your talk I’m now approaching / nearing the end of my resentation. Well, this brings me to the end of my presentation. That covers just about everything I wanted to say about †¦ As a final point, I’d like to †¦ Finally, I’d like to highlight one key issue. M. Platonova â€Å"Materials for the Speaking Part of the Centralised Exam† Drawing conclusions and sum-ming up The obvious conclusion is †¦ Last but not least †¦ The only alternative (left) is †¦ The The only possible solution/conclusion is †¦ In conclusion we can say that †¦ To cut a long story short, †¦ Just to give you the main points again, †¦ M. Platonova â€Å"Materials for the Speaking Part of the Centralised Exam†

Culture Acceptance of Homosexuality in the African-American Culture Essay

Different factions of sociologists depict men. Functionalists suggest that a division of labor originally arose between man and women because of the woman’s role in reproduction. By virtue of their larger size and greater muscular strength, men were assigned hunting and defense tasks. Conflict theorists reject functionalist arguments as simply offering a rationale for male dominance. They contend that a sexual division of labor is a social vehicle devised by men to assure themselves of privilege, prestige, and power in their relationships with women. By relegating women to the home, men have been able to deny women those resources they need to succeed in the larger world. Others say that the fundamental motive is men’s desire to have women readily available for sexual gratification. And still others emphasize that the appropriation of women is not for copulation but for procreation, especially to produce male heirs and daughters who can be used as exchanges in cementing political economic alliances with other families (Hinkle, 1994). Indeed, this gender stratification promotes the survival of the species and fulfilling their label to be strong, men even use violence to assert their so-called masculinity, which in any case is portrayed by the sociologists as the more superior specie. But when one takes a closer look into Kinsey’s reports, he or she won’t help but notice an honest existence of a â€Å"third kind† or the second-class citizens as the popular belief says in the persons of the homosexuals (Betancourt & Lopez, 1993). For the best information on sexual characteristics, we are indebted to the Kinsey reports. Kinsey’s greatest contribution was the discovery that individual differences in sexual behavior are truly amazing. The reports were designed to give a scientific gloss to the normalization of promiscuity and deviancy. Kinsey’s initial report, released in 1948 stunned the nation by saying that American men were so sexually wild that â€Å"95% of them could be accused of some kind of sexual offense under 1940s laws† (Kinsey et al. , 1948). The report included reports of sexual activity by boys, even babies, and said, â€Å"37% of adult males had had at least one homosexual experience† (Kinsey et al. , 1948). Homosexuality is a preference for an individual of the same sex as a sexual partner. The Alfred C. Kinsey Institute for Sex Research estimates that five to six percent of the adult population is predominantly homosexual. However, since there are so many gradations in sexual behavior and preferences, many sociologists and psychologists take the view that there heterosexual or homosexual practices but not homosexual individuals (Halgin, 2006). In brief, homosexuality and heterosexuality are terms that describe behavior, not the identity of a person. But gender identity confusion can lead to fear of homosexuality. But behavior is not grossly disorganized, nor is functioning impaired if the delusions are not acted out. A gay man or a lesbian may or may not elect to engage in homosexual behavior (Bell and Weinberg, 1998). Father’s Presence A boy prefers the company of boys; his favorite toys are cars and trucks and wants to be a fireman or policeman. The parents treated both the children differently, even though they are technically the same. This shows how parents do seek to socialize children into their gender roles, even if they are doing it unconsciously. Parents provide distinctive environments for boys and girls. They give them different toys and clothes and decorate their rooms differently (Fagot, 1995). They respond negatively to more obvious forms of cross-sex behavior. A very young boy who tries on his mother high-heeled shoes or puts on a dress or lipstick may be regarded with amused tolerance, but such behavior in older children is regarded as outrageous rather than funny. Father reacts especially strongly to any such signs of feminine tendencies in their sons (Nicolosi, 1991). The men may interpret certain kinds of feminine interests or actions as signs of developing homosexual tendencies in their sons and react to their tendencies in the strongest terms (Nicolosi, 1991). Psychologists described the uniformity of reports from literature that gay males had poorer relations with their fathers and concludes, â€Å"Every study reported findings that their relationships with their fathers were unsatisfying with the father variously described as cold, rejecting, indifferent, hostile, or simply distant† (Moberly, 1983). Likewise it was concluded that the homosexuals hurtful relationship with the father results in defensive detachment, which is carried over to relationships with other men. Homosexuality becomes a form of a reparative drive (Nicolosi, 1991) in which the boy seeks a nurturing male relationship to undo the repression and regain the lost father. Significant environmental issues such as the impact of the father-son relationship are indicated as important in the development of adult male homosexual orientation. As scholars suggested, the father-child relationship is one of many crucial elements in the development of any child. Deficits in this area may result in adverse effects to the child’s (and later adult child’s) identification with self as an adult, and this identification is generally considered to be crucial in determining the way in which children and adults form relationships with others (Blankenhorn, 1995). Conversely, boys seemed to conform to the sex-role standards of their culture when their relationships with their fathers were warm, regardless of how masculine the fathers were, even though warmth and intimacy have traditionally been seen as feminine characteristics (Blankenhorn, 1995). Son’s pubertal development was a significant predictor of both information sharing and, to a lesser extent, values sharing, with fathers more likely to talk with sons who had attained more physical development. The father’s recognition of his son’s physical development appears to be an important factor in talking about sexuality. When fathers see their sons maturing physically, they may become aware of the increased possibility of sexual initiation, and this possibility spurs them to discussion of sexual topics (Moberly, 1983). In the movie Billy Elliot, the simple rights of gay people are also advanced. In terms of personality traits, boys are generally aggressive, independent, dominant, competitive, logical, direct, adventurous, self-confident, and ambitious. Boys are described as closemouthed, rough, and sloppy in their habits. Boys do not usually enjoy art and literature, and cannot easily express and find it easy to express their feelings. This is what it means to be masculine in the eyes of biased society. But Billy, more than the fondness for boxing his father wants for him, his natural flair falls for dancing, an art predominantly associated with girls. Most families, like that of Billy, urge boys to be little men even before they have any idea what it means to be a man. As a matter of fact, there is even more pressure on boys to be masculine than on girls to be feminine. They are constantly warned not to act like girls, not cry, not to be sissies. Most people have always considered it worse for a boy to be a sissy than for a girl to be a tomboy. Boys may have to prove themselves by being athletic or by being tough, men by making a lot of money or by being a man’s man in whatever way this is defined by their associates. But the burden of proof is always present. And the burden is heavier than most people think. When cooing to a baby in a crib, they use one tone of voice toward a girl, a different one toward a boy. Mothers look at baby girl more often and talk to her more frequently. By and large, children have been brought up to believe that women should be pretty and preferably slim, while men should be tall and strong (Sheinberg, 2004). This familial stereotyping is even carried on to the bigger world of the boys known as school. In the world that children enter at 6 there is a new adult, the teacher, whose discipline boys must conform to and whose acceptance they must court. Ordinarily the teacher is a woman, like the mother, and children’s behavior toward their mother can be generalized toward her. But boys who are identifying with their father and rebelling against their mother often have trouble in the early grades. They may be less fearful of rejection by the teacher and therefore more reluctant to accept her influence (Sheinberg, 2004). It was also found that father’s age at first intercourse would predict father-son sex-based communication. The rationale was that fathers who were sexually active at an earlier age would remember their experiences and would see their sons as needing information (Moberly, 1983). On the other hand, fathers who had sexual intercourse at a later age may believe it is best to wait, and they may talk with sons to instill this same value, while fathers who had sex at an early age might believe it best to inform their sons about sex in order to prepare them for it (Moberly, 1983). Without a doubt, among African Americans, a father is the most important thing a boy can have in his life. They relate to one another on a level that cannot be achieved through a mother-son relationship. It is important to have communication in the relationship because talking brings the two closer. A father, though, needs to know when to play an active role in his son’s life, and when to be more of an observer. If he mixes the two up, serious repercussions may occur. A father can be the best thing in his son’s life, but he needs to care for the right (Sheinberg, 2004). Masculinity Another expert to have studied sexuality is Margaret Mead. Margaret Mead (1949) edified a good number of Americans about the significance of examining sensitively and plainly at other cultures to better comprehend the intricacies of humanness. She contends that it seems quite probable that nature creates some inborn tendencies. But there is ample proof that heredity alone does not necessarily push men toward being independent and aggressive, nor women toward being passive and submissive (Mead, 1949). In one tribe that Mead studied, both men and women were what we would call highly feminine. Both sexes shunned aggression. Both took care of and nurtured the children. In modern times, girls and women are considered feminine unless they display overwhelming evidence to the contrary, but boys and men have to win the right to be called masculine. They have to prove their masculinity; they have to face and succeed in all kinds of financial, intellectual, sexual, and physical tests. The testing process starts early and continues throughout life (Mead, 1949). In the other tribe, the members of one sex spent all their time applying cosmetics, gossiping, putting, engaging in emotional outbursts, and taking care of the children. Members of the other sex had clean-shaven heads, scorned any makeup or ornamentation, were active and domineering, and provided most of the tribe’s food and other necessities. But the last sentence describes how the women behaved. The preceding sentence, about a fondness for cosmetics and emotional outbursts, describes the men (Mead, 1949). The motives for affiliation and dependency are universal. So are the emotions that accompany them. Society’s demand to suppress them is in effect a demand to transcend humanity. And efforts to do so can never completely succeed. Since it is impossible to program out all emotions, even the most extreme he-man can only approximate the masculine ideal. Thus every man, aware of the stirrings of the softer and weaker emotion he tries so dutifully to hide, is bound to worry about his own masculinity. Otherwise, he is prejudged as gay, a sissy, or a homosexual (Duberman, et al. , 1989). The Religion’s Take The church usually operates with a bureaucratic structure and claims to include most of the members of a society. The difficulties the society has experienced in recent years are reflective of that of the ancient times and have contributed to the resurgence of conservative Christianity (Fisher, et al. , 1994). We have seen in Christie Davies’ Sexual Taboos and Social Boundaries that religion may be a conservative force, impeding modernization and reaffirming traditional authority (Davies, 1982). The bold article tackles Christianity’s bias against such so-called sexual taboos as homosexuality, bestiality, and transvestism in North America and Europe. That is, Christianity is associable with such concepts as hypocrisy, racism, narrow-mindedness and conservativism (Fisher, et al. , 1994). Davies is referring to the passages in the Bible, which state that homosexuality is wrong. These occur most prominently in Deuteronomy. Is it not entirely possible for instance to believe that the Bible is entirely true except those passages which condemn homosexuality which were inserted later by corrupt scribes (Fisher, et al. , 1994). Second, because homosexuals are considered deviants, the religious, military, and political principals find a way to give them a reprehensible image by consolidating their boundaries. The symbolic interactionist perspective has been a useful tool for examining the complexities of this heterosexual-homosexual relationship. Thus, should the roles of certain members of the society depart from the normal conventions bordering on the taboo, as homosexuals have been automatically deemed doing, invariably there are spiteful consequences for their behavior and actions (Fisher, et al. , 1994). And third, Davies argues that the society’s mainstream institutions dictate and shape the homosexuals’ experiences. In large part, they unconsciously build up their sense of reality by the way the society orders its social agendas and structures social alternatives. To the extent that they are locked within the social environment provided by the heterosexual culture, the homosexual segment inhabits a somewhat restricted world outside and is thus considered an external threat to any open social frontier (Fisher, et al. , 1994). Homosexual acts were punishable by death among the ancient Hebrews, but accepted and even admired by the Greeks. Later, the early Christians held that abstinence was the noblest form of sexual behavior, but at about the same time, the Romans were indulging in their famous orgies in the Colosseum (Fisher, et al. , 1994). In England, at the time of Queen Elizabeth, sex was treated with a frankness and frequently with a ribaldry that has no parallel in Western history. A little later, under Queen Victoria, it was regarded with such great circumspection that among some groups of these very same Englishmen, one would hardly have known that coitus ever took place and any falls from propriety were the cause of great scandal and disgrace (Lenski and Lenski, 1999). Moreover, Davies also touches on dehumanization or slavery by way of Christian association. In the Western society, significant segments of the population reject coexistence with minorities in equal terms. Women and homosexuals are subsumed in the list of minorities in the large group of African Americans (Davies, 1982). The current debate suggests that Christianity or any religion for that matter, remains a powerful moving force in Western life. People are not close to resolving how to relate people’s religious lives to their religious lives. Each generation must tackle its own church-state question as Christie Davies does with homosexuality in her article (Davies, 1982). Furthermore, broadly considered, long-term relationship, heterosexual or homosexual, should be considered as families. The social definition of the family as a group of people related by blood, marriage, or adoption has come to its revolutionary point of reshaping into such as a group of people who love and care or each other regardless of spiritual background or sexual preference (Fisher, et al. , 1994). Some gays and lesbians are married, have children, and lead lives that in most respects are indistinguishable from those of the larger population. However, homosexual adults who have come to terms with their homosexuality, who do not regret their sexual orientation, and who can function effectively sexually and socially, are no more distressed psychologically than are heterosexual men and women (Klonoff & Landrine, 2000). Homophobia Few people in the history of Western society have been more scorned, feared, and stigmatized than homosexuals. To put in a more appropriate context, these people who fear, hate, and persecute the homosexuals are homophobic (Kagay, 1999). Gays and lesbians often hold values and beliefs that are different from those of the dominant culture. Because of the controversial nature of being gay or lesbian, and the heavy social proscriptions against it, many individuals are reluctant to â€Å"come out of the closet† or to reveal their membership in this co-culture. As more gays and lesbians identify themselves publicly, they find that their attitudes and communication patterns often clash with people who do not understand the gay and lesbian co-cultures (Vander Zanden, 1995). When the collision involves the arbitrary denial of privilege, prestige, and power to members of the homosexual co-culture whose qualifications are equal to those of members of the dominant group as the heterosexuals, then generally, sociologists can easily label this as discrimination. And when the attitudes of aversion and hostility toward the homosexual co-culture abound because they simply belong to it and hence are presumed to have the objectionable qualities ascribed to it, then the label becomes prejudice (Vander Zanden, 1993). Whereas prejudice is an attitude or a state of mind, discrimination is action. Therefore, phobia as an irrational part of a person’s mentality makes homophobia basically a prejudice that may lead to discrimination but cannot grow to be a form of racism (Klonoff & Landrine, 2000). Racism or racialism is a belief in the superiority of some races over others. It also involves prejudice against or hatred of other races. Discriminating behavior is also defining element in racism. Be that as it may, racism is based on none other than racial membership and in this paper’s case, on sexual preference or orientation too. Stereotypically, it is based on the color of the skin, the texture of the hair, the facial features, the stature, and the shape of the heads. Biologists typically view races as populations that differ in the incidence of various hereditary traits. More narrowly, they conceive of a race or subspecies as an inbreeding, geographically isolated population that differs in hereditary traits from other members of the species (Bullough & Bullough 1996). Hereditary is the key term. Although there are some floating nature-nurture debate on the tendency to be homosexual, being gay or lesbian is more broadly accepted as a behavior than a heritable peculiarity (Klonoff & Landrine, 2000). Homosexuality knows no color or physical feature. Although gays whiten the color of their skin, stretch their hair length, effeminize their facial features, glamorize their stature, or cosmetically alter the shape of their heads, they cannot be classified a race but a co-culture instead (Bell and Weinberg, 1998). Although racial stratification is similar to other systems of stratification in which African Americans are a part of, including gender stratification, in its essential features, there tends to be one major difference. Racial and ethnic groups often have the potential for carving their own independent nation from the existing state (Klonoff & Landrine, 2000). Political separatism may offer racial groups a solution that is not available to gender groups. Gender groups typically lack the potential for becoming self-sufficient political states because they do not function as self-sufficient social or economic groups (Vander Zanden, 1995). Homosexuals are a varied group. They are found in all occupational fields, political persuasions, religious faiths, and racial and ethnic groups. Some are married, have children, and lead lives that in most respects are indistinguishable from those of the larger population. Others enter homosexual unions that are relatively durable (Kagay, 1999). In fact, if homosexuality could be considered a part of the gender stratification, then homophobia could even be more appropriately subsumed by the realms of sexism than racism. But the homosexual population cannot be undervalued that a gay joke can testify to their numbers: â€Å"I wonder why gay people multiply. They don’t have any vagina but they seem born twice a straight baby girl’s chance. † In many modern nations, the members of some groups participate in the main culture of the society while simultaneously sharing with one another a number of unique values, norms, traditions, and lifestyles. These cultural patterns are termed a co-culture (Vander Zanden, 1993). African American co-cultures that have become prominent in the United States partly because of their numbers and partly because of their lack of subscription to many of the mainstream beliefs, attitudes, and values. Although there are many co-cultures in the United States, the homosexual culture has become increasingly prominent because of their demands for equality.

Adidas Marketing Plan

(Adidas Group Annual Report, 2008) This marketing plan will focus on the Adidas brand. While research indicates there’s a belief that Adidas makes better footwear than Nike (Vertical Ascent Website), it has been unsuccessful in penetrating the young hip-hop crowd. With a generation that has grown up with i-pods, blogs and video games, Adidas is looking to appeal to his younger generation through technology that they have become used to using. (Marina, 2009) Adidas 1, claimed to be the world’s first computerized smart shoe, went on sale March 18, 2005. Adidas has long focused on being the footwear for sports and high performance with its core base being sports. According to the Adidas Group 2008 Annual Report, the company targets three brands: sports performance, sports heritage and sports styles. It’s known for its technological innovation and cutting edge design, with its mission being to challenge and lead through creativity. Adidas has positioned itself as a leader in professional and competitive sports, notably soccer, basketball, and running. As the technology permeates everyday life, Adidas hopes to live up to their changing expectations and deliver the best consumer experience through using creative new initiatives including interactive fitting footwear for peak performance and fit. With that focus on technological innovation, Adidas is going high tech, with everything from high tech sneakers, high tech virtual stores, and high tech promotion. This high tech is not just for show or glitz. It has a purpose – to deliver the best fitting, and best performing footwear tailored to the consumer’s individual needs. Adidas is hoping the high tech approach will eliminate potential customer dissatisfaction through virtual fitting. This eliminates producing shoes that don’t fit properly or perform well. It also leads to the best fit for the best performance out of footwear, something desired by professional or amateur athletes, as well as anyone embarking upon a running or fitness program. Adidas is looking at the changing interests of the up and coming market who also have i-pods, video games, email, internet, youtube and other highly technological devises as a way of life rather than traditional television or print media. With this change in media delivery, there’s also a change from it being one way to two-way communication, and with rapid advances in technology, they expect new and different things, and new and different footwear and sportswear is a way to reach that market. With an emphasis on fitness in today’s world, Adidas must create an image that Adidas footwear excels for everyone who is looking to improve their health. The goal is to maintain its traditional base as well while developing a technological environment that will broaden appeal to a younger consumer. Adidas’ strategy is to come up with a technology that meets a consumer need – excellent fitting footwear that has top notch performance. By having technology where one is not just fitted for the footwear, but also can gauge them for exact pressure and running posture, the company continues to follow its positioning as being the world’s favorite footwear for sports, and setting the pace for their footwear to meet their customer’s performance needs. The company is taking that image to its traditional promotional use of television and print advertising, as well as its exclusivity banners at major sporting events, especially European soccer matches. It also has made deals with professional football players and the New York Yankees to endorse Adidas. The company is the official sponsor of the 2008 Beijing Olympics that will reach millions, billions, and potentially open up strong Chinese Markets, and renew interest in sports performance which will lead to increased sales Adidas is distributed in corporate stores, throughout the web, high end sporting stores, the internet, and more limitedly in sporting goods stores throughout the US and Europe. It is also rethinking its distribution practices after last year’s purchase of Reebok and will close Reebok sports apparel and sneaker distribution centers in Massachusetts, Tennessee and Kentucky, and move those operations to an expanded center in South Carolina. Spartanburg was chosen for the two brands’ consolidated distribution center in part because it’s close to the two brands’ product shipping locations and to many customers (The Associated Press, 2008) Adidas high tech strategy is moving into its internal operations departments, adopting a better delivery system, increasing retail distribution, and taking customer service to a new level, beyond satisfaction to delight, thus trying to obtain return and possibly ifetime customers, something that would be very profitable for the company. The company can benchmark its success by measuring sales, web traffic to its innovative color based on-line advertisements that never mention the product, the number of downloaded pod casts and the number of visits to their Paris high-tech store. Works Cited http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/industries/2005-03-02-smart-usat_x.htm Adidas Marketing Plan (Adidas Group Annual Report, 2008) This marketing plan will focus on the Adidas brand. While research indicates there’s a belief that Adidas makes better footwear than Nike (Vertical Ascent Website), it has been unsuccessful in penetrating the young hip-hop crowd. With a generation that has grown up with i-pods, blogs and video games, Adidas is looking to appeal to his younger generation through technology that they have become used to using. (Marina, 2009) Adidas 1, claimed to be the world’s first computerized smart shoe, went on sale March 18, 2005. Adidas has long focused on being the footwear for sports and high performance with its core base being sports. According to the Adidas Group 2008 Annual Report, the company targets three brands: sports performance, sports heritage and sports styles. It’s known for its technological innovation and cutting edge design, with its mission being to challenge and lead through creativity. Adidas has positioned itself as a leader in professional and competitive sports, notably soccer, basketball, and running. As the technology permeates everyday life, Adidas hopes to live up to their changing expectations and deliver the best consumer experience through using creative new initiatives including interactive fitting footwear for peak performance and fit. With that focus on technological innovation, Adidas is going high tech, with everything from high tech sneakers, high tech virtual stores, and high tech promotion. This high tech is not just for show or glitz. It has a purpose – to deliver the best fitting, and best performing footwear tailored to the consumer’s individual needs. Adidas is hoping the high tech approach will eliminate potential customer dissatisfaction through virtual fitting. This eliminates producing shoes that don’t fit properly or perform well. It also leads to the best fit for the best performance out of footwear, something desired by professional or amateur athletes, as well as anyone embarking upon a running or fitness program. Adidas is looking at the changing interests of the up and coming market who also have i-pods, video games, email, internet, youtube and other highly technological devises as a way of life rather than traditional television or print media. With this change in media delivery, there’s also a change from it being one way to two-way communication, and with rapid advances in technology, they expect new and different things, and new and different footwear and sportswear is a way to reach that market. With an emphasis on fitness in today’s world, Adidas must create an image that Adidas footwear excels for everyone who is looking to improve their health. The goal is to maintain its traditional base as well while developing a technological environment that will broaden appeal to a younger consumer. Adidas’ strategy is to come up with a technology that meets a consumer need – excellent fitting footwear that has top notch performance. By having technology where one is not just fitted for the footwear, but also can gauge them for exact pressure and running posture, the company continues to follow its positioning as being the world’s favorite footwear for sports, and setting the pace for their footwear to meet their customer’s performance needs. The company is taking that image to its traditional promotional use of television and print advertising, as well as its exclusivity banners at major sporting events, especially European soccer matches. It also has made deals with professional football players and the New York Yankees to endorse Adidas. The company is the official sponsor of the 2008 Beijing Olympics that will reach millions, billions, and potentially open up strong Chinese Markets, and renew interest in sports performance which will lead to increased sales Adidas is distributed in corporate stores, throughout the web, high end sporting stores, the internet, and more limitedly in sporting goods stores throughout the US and Europe. It is also rethinking its distribution practices after last year’s purchase of Reebok and will close Reebok sports apparel and sneaker distribution centers in Massachusetts, Tennessee and Kentucky, and move those operations to an expanded center in South Carolina. Spartanburg was chosen for the two brands’ consolidated distribution center in part because it’s close to the two brands’ product shipping locations and to many customers (The Associated Press, 2008) Adidas high tech strategy is moving into its internal operations departments, adopting a better delivery system, increasing retail distribution, and taking customer service to a new level, beyond satisfaction to delight, thus trying to obtain return and possibly ifetime customers, something that would be very profitable for the company. The company can benchmark its success by measuring sales, web traffic to its innovative color based on-line advertisements that never mention the product, the number of downloaded pod casts and the number of visits to their Paris high-tech store. Works Cited http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/industries/2005-03-02-smart-usat_x.htm

Mobile devices Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mobile devices - Assignment Example Mobile devices enable communication by facilitating the process within which information and data is shared within an organization. This includes the exchange of information and data between the management and employees. For example information about the operations of organizations is communicated to the management team so that it is used to reach strategic decisions on how efficiency and effectiveness can be achieved within the organization. The interaction between an organization with stakeholders within the external environment such as consumers, suppliers, distributors, retailers and shareholders is facilitated through the use of mobile devices and as a result increasing the effectiveness of an organization in meeting its goals and objectives. For example mobile devices are used to answer the queries of consumers and their problems and concerns which cause them to be satisfied with the products and services that are rendered by the organization. In this sense therefore mobile devices allow organizations to effectively meet their goals of achieving a larger share of the market and wining the loyalty of consumers through effective and efficient service delivery and presentation of high quality and authentic products to the market. More importantly the effectiveness of an organization’s supply and value chains is facilitates through the use of mobile devices as a communication strategy through which effective int eraction is achieved with the suppliers, distributors and retailers of the organization’s products. Furthermore mobile devices enhance interaction with marketers and as a result facilitate the effectiveness of promotion of the organization’s good and services to the market which leads to higher sales. This therefore defines an effective organization as facilitate by the role of mobile devices in promoting interactivity with the stakeholders of the

Is Locke's defence of toleration persuasive Essay - 1

Is Locke's defence of toleration persuasive - Essay Example Locke’s defence of toleration is persuasive and valuable not merely because he employs the principle of state of nature to justify toleration but also because he promotes a responsibility to tolerate others by encouraging a tradition of dialogue, cooperation, and liberality among members of the body politic. Basically, Locke defines toleration as â€Å"a right to care for one’s own civil and religious ends, free from the magistrate’s limited authority†. This essay thoroughly demonstrates that Locke’s defence of toleration is persuasive. Definitely, Locke would have viewed his defence of toleration as a component of a continuous discourse within the 17th-century Protestant fellowship about the nature of true belief. Obviously, viewing Locke’s defence of toleration as too abstract or too general will fail to capture the very essence of his arguments, and they should be understood within the perspective in which they were developed. Locke’s central argument is that the state and church should be independent or separated because they influence and engage in different domains of public and private life and, thus, they should not interfere with each other’s businesses. Locke does not promote, apparently, the benevolent 21st-century Church of England, which is supported by the state and does not oblige participation, but the forceful 17th-century Church of England, wherein everybody was obliged to take part in. The argument against this kind of active and insistent state involvement in religious issue s, Locke claims, can be justified: the state does not have a role in the salvation of souls; the attempts of the state to intervene in religious matters will be unsuccessful because it cannot oblige citizens to accept a faith truthfully; and, the state is incapable of assuring the deliverance of its members. It is the contention of this essay that these arguments are mostly persuasive. The three major

Globalization Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Globalization - Research Paper Example It would be useful to try and analyze the problem of globalization from the viewpoint of different scientific currents that may enable us to better understand the thing. In this essay, three theoretical approaches will be used and compared: Symbolic Interaction theory, functionalism, and conflict theory. The preference should be given to the one of them which may allow better grasp of the problems of globalization. A Symbolic Interaction theory is a sociological approach based on the principle of the primacy of semiotic interactions between individuals and their groups in an analysis of social relations. Symbolic interactionists usually claim that it is semiotics (i.e. the ability to form symbolic images of surrounding reality) that really distinguishes human beings from other animals, and that it is the specific ways of creating such symbolic meanings that define both human conscience and social order at large (Plummer 195). That said, symbolic interactionists aim to use as much emp irical data for their scholarly arguments as possible, because the supporters of this approach believe that an analysis of social life should be grounded in strong empirical foundations (Blumer 47). With respect to globalization, the symbolic interactionist approach to this phenomenon rests on the assumption that globalization is the direct result of growing rates of social interaction across cultures. The globalized world is held together by the natural tendency of humans to communicate and share information with each other, so that the results of these interactions gradually come to shape their participants’ cultural conventions themselves (Dolgon and Baker 376). Thus globalization is a final result of the millennia-old process of growth in inter-community ties that led firstly to the emergence of different nations, and then to the gradual blurring of most important distinctions among them. The symbolic interactionist perspective allows for deeper understanding of socio-psy chological aspects of globalization and their consequences. If one takes into account the impact globalization had on collective action networks and symbolic structures in general, one may observe that a globalizing world enabled the emergence of vastly different networks of meaning and action – from the development of a type of a ‘globalized’ consumer as a new point of reference to the steady growth of movements and attitudes that proceed from typically ‘global’ point of view. It does not matter whether such movements are pro- or anti-globalization and which symbolic structures they use to refer to themselves – all of them operate within the structure of meanings that was formed in the course of globalization processes. A functionalist approach to globalization is fundamentally political, in a sense that its supporters pay the closest attention to the functional aspects of interactions between different political actors that comprise an inter national political scene. The core idea beyond functionalist framework is that a growth in complexity of various functions executed by the state gradually gives rise to a need to cooperate with the other similar states, so that the execution of these functions may be more effective. The spheres of cooperation need not be ‘political’ in the narrow sense of the term; they might include purely technical or cultural interaction.

Criminology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Criminology - Essay Example This is done particularly using the criminological theory. The riots actually started from the night of 9th August 2011 in Wolverhampton, and went through the whole next day i.e. 10th August 20111. After which people started to clean up there city and save the historic elements of Wolverhampton2. Until the riots broke out no one could actually believe that London and its neighboring towns can ever get affected through such criminal activities and the people who were thought to be most civilized can turn into real criminals3. Here I would be discussing the four criminal cases with respect to the culprits. Wulfrun Social Service Department has been involved in all these cases in relation to arrests and punishments. Wulfrun had powerful riots broke out in the city which ended up in great distress, severe destructions and loss of millions of pounds. A significant number of rioters entered the city like a storm and took hold of all the shops and business4. They cracked down the windows and cause great loss to the city dwellers especially coming in their way. The Midland Police reported that youth have attacked the city and that they continued to create distress even in Birmingham and other cities hence covering the whole United Kingdom5. Here the astonishing fact was the age and occupation of the rioters; most of them belonged to good family backgrounds and were students at the major universities. Majority of them were pretty young to commit such criminal activities. The whole city situation left the shopkeepers and businessmen to calculate their losses particularly in the Wulfruna Street, Dudley Street, Princess Street, etc. The real loss was done by the rioters in the Queen Square who were all youngsters prowling the city in congregation. According to the police the number of riots was up to 300 who were there in the Dudley Street at the ending time. These rioters were running in the city, cause

The Social Construction of Sexuality and Gender Article

The Social Construction of Sexuality and Gender - Article Example The categorization of men and women into two binary groups is a universal phenomenon which in many societies favors men thus creating power imbalances and gender inequalities. In Britain as well as throughout much of the world, notions of sexuality and gender have historically been for granted and perceived to be natural. According to Jeffrey Weeks, We learned very early on from many sources that "natural sex" is what takes place with members of the opposite sex...The social processes through which this is taking place are complex. But the implications are clear, they're the ones we still live with. In the first place, there is the assumption of a sharp distinction between the sexes, a dichotomy of interest, even an antagonism ('the battle of the sexes', which can only be precariously bridged. Men are men and women - and rarely the twain shall meet (Weeks, 1990, 13). Accordingly, while the sex of an individual is innate and established at birth, gender and human sexuality are now understood to be shaped by social forces and socially constructed concepts with important societal ramifications. Social constructivism is the belief that certain ideas, beliefs, behaviors, and concepts are socially constructed and shaped by environmental factors. The argument that gender roles were socially prescribed did not appear in scholarly literature until the 1940s with Klein’s The Feminine Character and thus began an exploration into the arbitrariness of the social categories of male and female. Influential scholars such as Judith Butler, Jeffrey Weeks, and Michel Foucault have sought to shed light onto the socially prescribed nature of gender categorization, and onto the lives men and women throughout the world with an eye to the in the ramifications of the sexual and gender binary.

Global Decision Support Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Global Decision Support - Essay Example That DSS tools are effective in managerial decision making processes implies managers must improve the tools’ capacities to work efficiently to yield the right information structure (Antunes et al., 2007). Thus the generation, design, implementation, interpretation and implementation of DSS tools should be done efficiently and competently to solve decision-making problems. A DSS system should thus serve as a competitive advantage that helps an organization to tackle decision-making problems based on consistent information and information structure and win markets. Background Generally, a Decision Support System (DSS) is a compilation of amalgamated software and hardware applications (tools, techniques, and models) used by an organization as the benchmark of decision making process. Since decision making requires the analysis of data, a DSS should be data-driven. The concepts of Business Intelligence (BI), Organizational Intelligence (OI), and Competitive Intelligence (CI), whi ch encompass the processes, methodologies, and reporting tools central to decision support systems to report, monitor, and analyze data are also important in DSS and decision making (Antunes et al., 2007). This paper reviews literatures on the benefits and buy-in of global DSS, the processes of implementing global DSS, the ethical issues related to global DSS, and the possible ways by which global DSS may increase global partners. A global Decision Support System (GDSS) is a computer-based interactive system used by teams from different organizations, countries or regions to make decisions, solve problems, and make choices. Specifically, global DSS aims to support groups in the analysis of problem situations and in the performance of collective decision-making tasks. From its name global DSS is quite descriptive and is a mixture of systems that uses intricate communications infrastructures and quantitative models to support decision-making processes. Literature Review As a consequen ce of increased globalization and heightened competition in the business world, entrepreneurs have resorted to using the latest technologies to make vital business decisions (Lynch, 1994). Similarly, a lot of literary work has focused on decision making and its various techniques and tools such as DSS. According to most authors, there are numerous aspects of DSS that organizations and managers should consider when venturing into global DSS. Global DSS benefits, implementation, and ethical issues are among the most extensively covered aspects of DSS in literatures. Businesses enjoy numerous benefits by implementing global DSS. For instance, for quite a long time, organizations have struggled to find an electronic commercial application that would allow them to jointly decode and interpret information to allow them to make use of these decision making tools in the accompaniment of other organizations or business partners (Lynch, 1994). The first among the many benefits of global DSS i s that it allows organizations to orient their resources towards providing managers with all the required information for strategic decision making. Global DSS offers organizations several other capabilities, including support for decision-making processes in ill-structured situations that lack full computerization and requires computer-based assistance for voluminous data accessibility and processing (Lynch, 1994). Global DSS also helps in the rapid acquisition of quantity and quality results for reaching decision by supporting the various stages of

Case study analysis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Analysis - Case Study Example Proper communication channels in an organization aids in the processes of solving problems and communicating the processes of problem solving to all the concern parties in a timely manner (Villines, 2011). In the current business environment, large volume of information is communicated using advanced technological tools to enhance performance and profitability of the organization. Communication creates organizational excellence which stems from the dedication of the people who are effectively communicated to the deliver their best to the organization they work for (Heath, 2006). British petroleum is one of the largest energy players in the global market based on market capitalization and scales of operations. It is headquartered in London, the United Kingdom and has operational presence in several countries across the world and is thus considered as the fifth largest energy multinational in the world. It repackages the refined oils and distributes to different parts of the world as e ither gas, petrochemical and other forms of gas used to drive industries and machines across the world. In the United States, BP America is the largest subsidiary of BP with operations in the United States and southern American continent (Hearit, 2006). On the 20th April 2010, one of the worst disasters hit BP America that culminated into one major organization struggle in an effort to reduce the damage and restore the image of the company. The company’s oil fields in the Gulf of Mexico caused mass spillage into the sea resulting into major environmental destruction, loss of life and interruption of naval activities in the area. During this crisis, the organization adopted a communication approach that enabled its stakeholders and the society at large to respond whenever a situation arose (Coombs, 2007). In this paper, the communication strategies used by BP America will be evaluated in line with organizational communication theories and perspectives. The case study will seek to answer vital questions on the communication approach and response approaches that the company adopted during this time and how these strategies enabled the company to rise to its feet after the disaster. While analyzing BP communication strategies, this case study will a number of organizational communication principles that were applied. It will provide basis for the communication approach the company adopted during this conflict and crisis and how it enabled it to restore normalcy. The management and leadership of BP America will also be paced into perspective as the paper will seek to highlight the communication response that the management adopted during this point in time. Strategic communication approaches used by BP America The BP oil spill occurred at a time when the world communication approach had revolved into a major issue in organizations as it holds the key to any organizational success. Strategic organizational communication is defined as the ability for an organi zation to ineptly analyze the facts involved in a situation while selecting the best approach to deliver it to the eager public. This communication approach seeks to achieve specific targets and is directed at specific people with the belief that the people will buy that idea the organization is selling (Hearit, 2006). In making

Birth Control Essay Example for Free

Birth Control Essay Birth control is a way or method used to prevent pregnancy. There are different kinds of methods of birth control that can be used by man and woman. All of these methods have positive effects or sides. The pros of birth control are the following: (1) lessen the possibility of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) (Pros and Cons of Different Contraceptive Methods ); (2) it is helpful in preventing pregnancy, but the degree of the effectiveness of the birth control method depends on the type of method that is being used by the couple (Pros and Cons of Different Contraceptive Methods ); (3) allows active participation of men in the prevention of pregnancy (when using condom or withdrawal method) (Pros and Cons of Different Contraceptive Methods ); (4) it helps regulate the menstrual cycle of a woman; (5) it lessens the pain and difficulty of having a menstruation (Pros and Cons of Different Contraceptive Methods ); (6) prevents or lessen the possibility of having uterine and ovarian cancer, anemia, ovarian cyst and pelvic inflammatory disease (Pros and Cons of Different Contraceptive Methods ). There are also some other pros of birth control method but it depends on the method that the couple is using (Birth Control Pill Faq: Benefits, Risks and Choices). There are many types of birth control. The following are the types of birth control that is being used: (a) male condoms which are also called as barrier because it blocks the sperm cells from getting near or into the egg cells; (b) oral contraceptives or birth control pills prevent the ovary from releasing eggs; (c) female condom is also called as a barrier because it prevents or blocks the sperm cells from reaching the egg cells; (d) Depo-Provera hormonal injections is a type of birth control that uses hormone progestin. Continuous injection of this for more than two years has an adverse effect on woman; (e) spermicides; (f) contraceptive sponges is also a barrier type of birth control. Although using this type of birth control would still have a risk of having a toxic syndrome. Woman that are very sensitive to spermicide nonoxynol-9 are not encourage to use this type of method; (g) diaphragm and cervical caps also blocks the sperm cells going inside the cervix. This type of method needs the assistance of the doctor for proper usage and fitting of the cervical cap or diaphragm; (h) intra – uterine devices is used and placed inside the uterus to prevent the sperm cells from entering it and reaching the egg cells; (i) surgical sterilization or tubal ligation is a permanent birth control that needs a surgical process; (j) periodic abstinence or natural family planning. In this type of birth control, the woman should have the knowledge about the fertility process so that this method would be successful (Birth Control Methods ). There are some mild health risks related to the use of birth control methods. But there is also one severe health risk when using birth control method such as pills for a longer period of time like cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure, cardiovascular accident or stroke, high blood pressure and other cardio related diseases (Birth Control Methods). Both man and woman are responsible in birth control planning. They have an active participation in the birth control method. Although their physician would prescribe a pill or appropriate birth control method, still the couple would be responsible to the possible outcome of that method. They are the one who can observe to the negative or positive effect of that particular method. When a serious or life threatening situation or death happens, the couple is more reliable than their physician. In choosing birth control method, couples or person that is going to use it must consider if (1) it will affect your health like if they have history of breast cancer, have high blood pressure, has low density of the bone, diabetes, sexually transmitted disease (STD), and heart disease; (2) those possible side effects of the method; (3) frequency of having sexual intercourse; (4) the benefits that the method can give; (5) the quality of that certain drug or method in birth control; and (6) the possible outcome if ever the couple decided to have a child (Birth Control Guide). Shop Lifting Shop lifting is very common especially on malls and convenient stores. People shop lift because they need that particular thing or that they can’t afford to buy the things they wanted to (Teenagers Shop Lifting). Some shop lifters that has the money to buy things thinks that shop lifting gives them the adrenalin rush or thrill that cannot be caught, they think that what they have stolen is not important and they also think that they are not stealing because the owner or the store can afford to buy that again or the store is insured (Teenagers Shop Lifting). In some cases, people shop lifts especially students because of peer pressure. Shop lifters always carry a small bag or large jacket with a large pocket or umbrella (Preventing Shoplifting). Those things can be use to shop lift. Store management or staff should also be aware and alarm when a person puts down their bag because they may place the thing they get simply by dropping it into the bag (Preventing Shoplifting). There are also times that shop lifters are into a group (Preventing Shoplifting). Some of them will distract the attention of the staff while the others do the crime. Shop lifters can be seen mostly in malls that are crowded and convenient stores. The similarities of these two places are that they have a big space and do not have enough staff that would assist and guard the clients or buyers. Those shop lifters know that in places were there’s enough employee to assist and guard them, they won’t be able to the deed because there’s a big chance of getting caught while in malls and convenient store, they can easily place the things they get and hide it in their bags or clothes without being notice by the employees. Shop lifting is a crime that can be categorize as light. In some states, the fine depends on the amount that the shop lifter stolen while the jail time depends on the repetition of the incident (Zukowski). The penalty or fine ranges from 40 to 1000 dollars and the jail time is only 30 days up to 6 months (Zukowski). The society and justice system give the offenders a second chance to correct their action. If they are going to repeat their action, they will be punished again with a higher penalty and possible longer jail time. Compiling an Annotated Bibliography ? â€Å"Birth Control Guide† Ed. US Department of Health and Human Services: FDA Consumer Magazine, 2003. This article focuses on different approved birth control methods. It also provides information about the different types of birth control method and also the severe health risk that may be obtain from the prolonged use of contraceptive pills. ? â€Å"Birth Control Methods†. 2005. Planned Parenthood of Connecticut. June 27 2007. http://www. ppct. org/medical/services/bc_method. shtml. This article talks about different birth control methods. It also provides knowledge about pros and cons of different types of birth control method especially tubal sterilization. ? â€Å"Birth Control Methods† Ed. Us Department of Health and Human Services: National Women’s Health Information Center, 2005. This article provides birth control methods that can be use. It also provides knowledge on what they should take into consider when choosing a birth control method. ? â€Å"Teenage Shop Lifting†. 2006. Indian child. com June 26 2007. http://www. indianchild. com/parenting/teenagers/teenagers_shop_lifting. htm. The article provides the reasons why teenagers try to steal and ways to handle and persuade them. ? â€Å"Birth Control†. 2007. Cool Nurse. June 25 2007. http://www. coolnurse. com/birthcontrol. htm. The article tackles about having safe sex with the use of birth control methods. This provides idea or knowledge about the effectives of each method and the reasons why it is not recommended for teenagers. ? Preventing Shoplifting. Namibian Police 2007. The Namibian Police Force carries out their duty by informing the public of the different crimes and ways how to handle that situation. They encourage the public to have an active participation in fighting the crime to maintain the peace and order in their place. ? Birth Control Pill Faq: Benefits, Risks and Choices. 2007. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. June 25 2007. http://www. mayoclinic. com/health/birth-control-pill/WO00098. The staff focuses on the advantages and disadvantages of taking contraceptive pills. The staff also discusses other contributing factors that make birth control pills unsafe to use than any other birth control methods.

Affinity Orientation Discrimination Cases Study Essay Example for Free

Affinity Orientation Discrimination Cases Study Essay Imagine that you are a department manager and you find out that a man you work with has become a woman, or you find out a woman you work with enjoys the private company of woman, would these concepts cause you to discriminate against your employees in the workplace? Analysis of case studies, understanding applicable laws, and recommending clearly defined policies for the workplace will assist with understanding and preventing affinity orientation discrimination. It is important in todays workplace to have an intricate understanding of the difference between affinity orientation and the word sex as it pertains to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII). The term sex referred to in Title VII represents the gender of an individual employee. Affinity orientation refers to the intimate relationship that an individual may have with another individual of the same gender, or an individuals desire to become the opposite gender, either temporarily or permanently. There are various types of affinity orientation, none of which are protected by Title VII (Bennett-Alexander, 2001 p.243). One example affinity orientation would be a woman who is a lesbian or a man who is gay. It is becoming increasingly popular for men and women to have a surgical procedure performed to become the opposite gender; this too is a form of affinity orientation. Affinity orientation has become a subject of adversity in the workforce as a result of there being little protection against discrimination for employees participating in the various types of affinity orientation. Case study analysis is a method that management can utilize to better understand affinity orientation in the workplace and preventing discrimination. Case Study #1 Michael is employed at ABC Hospital as an operating nurse. Michael had taken a leave of absence from work to have a gender change operation. Upon Michaels return to work at ABC Hospital Michael wanted to be addressed by  the name Michelle. Since Michelle completed the gender change surgical procedures she felt that she had the right to utilize the womens locker room and shower like all the other women employed at ABC Hospital. The male employees did not want Michelle to use the mens locker room because of her gender change. The women refused to share the womens locker room with Michelle, because the women knew of Michelles original gender. At ABC Hospital it is standard procedure for operating room nurses to wear unisex surgical scrubs. Therefore, I do not see the reason why she want use the men locker and shower room. Michelle is not wearing a uniform dress with a cap as a nurse while at work. I feel that she is still considered as a man. Michelle is hoping to file discrimination against her co-workers since having the sex change because no one is accepting her as a female. If she were hired as a male she should not feel discriminatory. I think that she should be accommodated with a locker room and shower that is for either a man or a woman. Case Study #2 Tracy is a lesbian who alleges that she has been denied an internal company promotion due to the fact that her department manager does not want to support her lesbian lifestyle. Mr. Green, Tracys department manager, is accused of discriminating against Tracy by not writing her a letter of recommendation for a promotion. Tracy feels that the excellent yearly performance reviews that Mr. Green wrote for her entitles her to obtain a letter of recommendation from Mr. Green. There are legitimate reasons for Tracys discrimination claim to be denied. Title VII offers protection against discrimination at the workplace; however, Title VII does not protect against affinity orientation in the workplace. There are no federal laws that prevent a person from being fired or refused a job on the basis of affinity orientation. There are however, the First, Fifth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution of the United States of America, that offer freedom of speech, the right to privacy, and equal  protection under law (Bennett-Alexander, 2001, p.243). Tracy does not have a discrimination claim against her department manager Mr. Green as a result of affinity orientation. Tracys supervisor Mr. Green gave her excellent annual performance evaluations that are more than sufficient enough to apply and expect to be eligible any company promotions. Mr. Green is not obligated to give employees letters of recommendation for promotions, transfers, or applications for employment inside or outside of the company where he is employed as a department manager. The company followed all employee performance review procedures correctly. It is standard practice for companies to place the best-suited candidate in vacant positions. The use of employment evaluations ensures that all candidates are given equal opportunity for job advancements. Should Mr. Green have given Tracy poor performance evaluations on a consistent basis, Tracy may have been able to prove a discrimination claim. It is important to have set policies in place to keep employees informed of what criteria must be met for company advancement or promotions. Employment manuals are a suitable method of ensuring that employees are notified of company policies. In an effort to eliminate future claims of discrimination in the workplace relating to company advancement, Mr. Green should have established set policies regarding letters of recommendation. It is recommended that Mr. Green have the employee manual clearly state that department managers are not permitted to write referral letters for employees applying any positions within the company. The policy would be based on the fact that a letter of recommendation made by a department manager could indicate preference in the workplace and unfair advantage for certain employees. Another option Mr. Green could have implemented would be to permit employees to obtain letters of recommendation from sources outside of the company. Outside recommendations could strengthen an employees resume while not creating the opportunity for discrimination in the workplace. An implemented policy that addresses the importance of an employees ability to meet and  satisfy the requirements of the position would lessen the likeliness of a discrimination claim. Regardless of which position the company takes with respect to letters of recommendation, employees would be advised of company policies well in advance of applying for any positions within the company. Taking precautions in the workplace through the use of implemented policies can eliminate potential discrimination claims. Analyzing case studies, reviewing applicable laws, and recommending policies for the workplace are an excellent method of preventing affinity orientation discrimination. References Bennett-Alexander, D. D., Hartman, L. P. (2001). Employment Law for Business (III ed.) Boston, Massachusetts: Mc Graw-Hill Primis.

The Sales Force Compensation Business Essay

The Sales Force Compensation Business Essay For most of the organizations, compensation plan is the main driving force for motivating the entire sales force as they are the key people interacting with the customers on regular basis. According to Skiera and Albers (2008), the total rewards approach comprises of all the tools available with the employer for attracting, motivating and rewarding the employees appropriately. The main aim of this approach is to accelerate desired behaviors in the entire workforce along with reinforcement of overall business strategy that will boost the firms performance (Mia Evans, 2007). Unilever ensures that is total rewards program is supportive to achieve the desired targets of the company and the Human Resource (HR) professionals of the company have ensured that it possesses six features that are vital for the effectiveness of this program (WorldatWork, 2007). The main features of the total rewards approach are as follows: Compensation It is the most important part of the entire program as it is the basic pay structure that comprises of both fixed and variable pays along with long-term and short-term incentives. The fixed amount is the base salary which remains constant for every salesperson and the variable pay is dependent on the method used i.e. commission, pay-for-performance, piece-rate pay, time-rate pay and others. The other incentives comprise of bonuses, profit-sharing, ownership share and etc. Enhanced flexibility The employees are looking for flexible working hours that allow them to utilize their skills appropriately while working on the job. Benefits These are the factors that the employees are looking for in their jobs in addition to the monetary payment that they receive such as medical benefits, life insurance benefits, social security, unemployment and etc. Rewards and Recognition When employees achieve something highly desirable or challenging, they need to be shown the appreciation either by giving them rewards in the form of bonuses, profit sharing, share ownership or announcing the success within the organization to declare the persons valuable contribution in the company. Work-life balance The employees have to provided support in maintaining adequate balance between the work, personal life and community responsibilities. They can be provided financial support, paid and unpaid vacations, caring for dependents and community involvement opportunities. Opportunities for development and career progression In order to retain the employees for long-term, the program should outline the career progression path that is vital for the enhanced motivation level of the complete sales force. Question 2 Describe the behaviors of the sales force that are targeted with the compensation plan. Answer 2 With the help of an effective and well-integrated compensation plan, Unilever tries to boost the productivity of its sales force so that they can help it in meeting the long-term objectives. The key behaviors that are targeted in sales force with a highly effective compensation plan are bringing new ideas and concepts in the company, suggesting innovative products that are desired by the customers for enhancing their satisfaction level, creating competition among salespeople so that they strive to make increasing sales and promoting proper and ethical course of business activities for meeting the organizational objectives effectively (Zoltners, Sinha Lorimer, 2006). When employees will be satisfied with the compensation plan and will believe that they are being compensated for their efforts adequately, they will become loyal to the company and the employee turnover rate will reduce drastically. The entire employee cost will go down and the organization will be able to maintain a proper balance between the employees value and organizations goals. Question 3 Assess how a value proposition is achieved for current and future employees in the plan you have outlined. Answer 3 According to Cichelli (2010), the compensation plan designed by Unilever comprises of the following factors: Base Pay Commission (Depending on the sales made by each salesperson) Bonuses (10% of the base pay) Benefits Health care, Life insurance, Retirement, Social security, community support programs, paid holidays and financial support. Rewards and recognition Merit based increase at the year end after performance appraisal and profit sharing for exceeding the target level. Career advancement opportunities Each sales person will be given specific targets to provide chances for moving ahead in their careers and try to get promoted to more additional levels. The basic philosophy underlying the total rewards approach is that the employees should be provided complete value from the entire compensation plan. The key elements required for creating the most effective value proposition for all current and potential employees are colleagues, work responsibilities, organization culture, values and total rewards. Most of the employees make their final decision on the basis of the rewards that are visible to them and they give less importance to the non-monetary rewards that are given during the job tenure (How, Sundram Tack, 2011). From the compensation plan outlined, it is evident that the company highly values its sales people and has taken every important measure to provide a conducive, encouraging and accommodating working environment to them that will elicit desired working behavior along with enhanced motivation level. In order to create the effective value proposition, the compensation plan of each employee is aligned with the organizations objectives and they are provided the right tools and opportunities that can help them in attaining their yearly goals successfully. Question 4 Based upon the type of plan you have created, indicate how attracted you think future salespeople may be to this plan. Answer 4 Since the compensation plan is one of the vital methods used by organizations to attract, retain and motivate the employees, it is important for them to keep on incorporating the changes within the plan so that it is up-to-date. Although the designed compensation plan is a general one but the most effective one is that which takes account of each employees needs and develop the plan in accordance to their expectations. Sometimes the employers overlook the individual requirements of every sales person and design a plan that is beneficial for the organization. In order to attract more sales people, there are various features that will have to be added in the compensation plan such as employee engagement activities, off-the-job training programs, promoting the concepts of vacations for boosting the productivity level and including attractive rewards that will keep the sales person glued to the job and will find the work interesting and captivating. Hence, it is important to upgrade the compensation plan on an ongoing basis so that there are no loopholes in them and the sales force is satisfied with the rewards strategy. However, the key to keeping the employees motivated and enhancing their retention desire is to offer them the compensation and rewards in accordance to their requirements so that they feel valued and are willing to go an extra mile to support the company in fulfillment of its mission and objectives.

Prejudice In To Kill A Mocking :: essays research papers

To Kill A Mockingbird   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Harper Lee’s To Kill A Mockingbird is a story of racial injustice, sexism, and many other types of prejudice. Perhaps the most obvious form of prejudice found in the novel is racism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tom Robinson was a hardworking, charitable person, who always put the needs of others above his own, but because of his skin colour. He was chosen as a target of racial prejudice, by those too ignorant to recognize his kindness, and care for all those around him. The 35-year-old, husband of three would never hurt a soul.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tom Robinson was found guilty and convicted by an all white jury for a crime he did not commit, the rape of Mayella Ewell, on the night of November the 21st . The trial, and death of Tom Robinson is just one instance of racial prejudice found in the novel, but maybe one of the strongest issues of racism which exists. Atticus Finch once said, “It’s a sin to kill a mockingbird (Lee 90).'; So why did death come to Tom Robinson, such a kind hearted loving person, whose only true sin was pity for a white woman.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many other instances in To Kill A Mockingbird where racism is clearly shown. When Aunt Alexandra makes her first appearance in the novel, she says to Calpurnia, “Put my bags in the front bedroom, Calpurnia (Lee 127).'; This shows the lack of respect and feeling of superiority that Aunt Alexandra has for Calpurnia, because of the colour of her skin.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The inhabitants of the small Southern town of Maycomb are so unaware of their words that racism and racial slander has become a ‘normal’ everyday thing, children grow seeing nothing wrong in being racist.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Racial slander is so commonly used that it is clearly seen that even the author of the novel does not realize the wrong in it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sexism is also shown throughout the novel. “Atticus,'; he said, “why don’t people like us and Miss Maudie ever sit on juries? You never see anybody from Maycomb on a jury-they all come from out in the woods.'; Atticus leaned back in his rocking chair. For some reason he looked pleased with Jem. “I was wondering when that’d occur to you,'; he said. “There are lots of reasons. For one thing, Miss Maudie can’t serve on a jury because she’s a woman.'; “You mean women in Alabama can’t-?'; I was indignant. “I do. I guess it’s to protect our frail ladies from sordid cases like Tom’s.

The History of Welfare in America Essay -- Origins of Public Welfare P

Welfare has been a safety net for many Americans, when the alternative for them is going without food and shelter. Over the years, the government has provided income for the unemployed, food assistance for the hungry, and health care for the poor. The federal government in the nineteenth century started to provide minimal benefits for the poor. During the twentieth century the United States federal government established a more substantial welfare system to help Americans when they most needed it. In 1996, welfare reform occurred under President Bill Clinton and it significantly changed the structure of welfare. Social Security has gone through significant change from FDR’s signing of the program into law to President George W. Bush’s proposal of privatized accounts. The increase in industrialization in the U.S. during the 1820’s caused a rise in homelessness. Women made up the majority of the homeless population. During the beginning of the nineteenth century, private charities helped provide food and shelter for the homeless. Towards the end of the nineteenth century men became the majority of the homeless population. The federal government created â€Å"mother’s pension laws† which were protective labor laws that assisted poor women and children. Shelters required a work test for men to enter and only allowed them to stay for a limited amount of time. Charities did not help men in the nineteenth century (Homelessness in the United States). On October 29, 1929, the roaring twenties ended. The U.S. stock market crashed and the Great Depression began. Those who had invested in the stock market for retirement saw their investments disappear. President Franklin Roosevelt’s â€Å"New Deal† focused first on providing employment for the... ...for Children and Families. 6 Mar 2009. . â€Å"Medicaid Home Page.† 16 Sept 2004. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. 6 Mar 2009. . Shields, Mark. â€Å"Messing with Social Security.† Cnn.com. 7 Mar 2009. . â€Å"Bill of Rights in Action.† June 1998. Constitutional Rights Foundation. 6 Mar 2009. . â€Å"Food Stamp Program.† 4 Feb 2005. Food and Nutrition Service. 6 Mar 2009. . â€Å"Women, Infants, and Children.† 1 Jan 2004. Food and Nutrition Service. 6 Mar 2009. . â€Å"The Future of Social Security.† Mar 2005. Social Security Administration. 6 Mar 2009. .

The Great War :: essays research papers

America Enters the Great War.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  World War I (1914-18), also known as the Great War, was a military conflict mainly in Europe, among most of the world's greatest powers. The Allies consisted of France, Britain, Russia, and America who fought against the Central powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey. The main causes of the Great War were imperialist, territory, and economic rivalries of the two sides. The German Empire was determined to establish itself as the preeminent power of Europe. The Germans were also intent on challenging the naval superiority of Britain. The rampant nationalism especially evident in the Austro-Hungarian empire that ignited the immediate cause of hostilities. Archduke Francis Ferninand on June 28, 1914, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, was assassinated at Sarajevo by a Serbian nationalist. The following month, after its humiliating demands were turned down, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Other declaration of war followed quickly as every major po wer in Europe was in the war. On the Western Front, the Germans rampaged through Belgium, and proceeded onto Paris before advancing to the English Channel. After the battles of Marne and Ypres, the Germans became stalled. Grueling trench warfare and the use of chemical warfare began all along the front, and for the next three years the battle lines remained virtually stationary despite huge casualties at Verdun and it the Somme offensive during 1916. On the Eastern Front, the Central Powers were successful. The Germans defeated the Russians (Aug.-Sept. 1914) at Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes. Serbian and Montenegro fell by the end of 1915. In the south, the Italian campaigns were inconclusive, through they benefited the Allied cause by keeping large numbers of Austrian troops tied down there. In Turkey, the Allies' ambitious Gallipolli Campaign (1915), an attempt to force Turkey out of the war, was a costly failure. In the Middle East, T.E. Lawrence stirred Arab revolt against Tu rkey. America neutrality had been threatened since 1915, when the British ship Lusitania was sunk. By 1917 unrestricted German submarine warfare had caused the U.S. to enter the war on the side of the Allies. An American Expeditionary Force, commanded by General Pershing, landed in France and saw its first action at Chateau-Thierry (June 1917). In Marne (1918), the new Soviet government signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the Central Powers. The Germans were stopped just short of Paris in the second battle of the Marne, and an allied counteroffensive was successful. The Great War :: essays research papers America Enters the Great War.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  World War I (1914-18), also known as the Great War, was a military conflict mainly in Europe, among most of the world's greatest powers. The Allies consisted of France, Britain, Russia, and America who fought against the Central powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey. The main causes of the Great War were imperialist, territory, and economic rivalries of the two sides. The German Empire was determined to establish itself as the preeminent power of Europe. The Germans were also intent on challenging the naval superiority of Britain. The rampant nationalism especially evident in the Austro-Hungarian empire that ignited the immediate cause of hostilities. Archduke Francis Ferninand on June 28, 1914, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, was assassinated at Sarajevo by a Serbian nationalist. The following month, after its humiliating demands were turned down, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Other declaration of war followed quickly as every major po wer in Europe was in the war. On the Western Front, the Germans rampaged through Belgium, and proceeded onto Paris before advancing to the English Channel. After the battles of Marne and Ypres, the Germans became stalled. Grueling trench warfare and the use of chemical warfare began all along the front, and for the next three years the battle lines remained virtually stationary despite huge casualties at Verdun and it the Somme offensive during 1916. On the Eastern Front, the Central Powers were successful. The Germans defeated the Russians (Aug.-Sept. 1914) at Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes. Serbian and Montenegro fell by the end of 1915. In the south, the Italian campaigns were inconclusive, through they benefited the Allied cause by keeping large numbers of Austrian troops tied down there. In Turkey, the Allies' ambitious Gallipolli Campaign (1915), an attempt to force Turkey out of the war, was a costly failure. In the Middle East, T.E. Lawrence stirred Arab revolt against Tu rkey. America neutrality had been threatened since 1915, when the British ship Lusitania was sunk. By 1917 unrestricted German submarine warfare had caused the U.S. to enter the war on the side of the Allies. An American Expeditionary Force, commanded by General Pershing, landed in France and saw its first action at Chateau-Thierry (June 1917). In Marne (1918), the new Soviet government signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the Central Powers. The Germans were stopped just short of Paris in the second battle of the Marne, and an allied counteroffensive was successful.

Literary Elements Movie Analysis

Literary Elements Book/Movie Analysis Activity Have you ever thought why most of us are interested in the stories we read or the movies we watch, the characters, the action, the suspense and the love stories? The writer has to think of how the story must be told, what effect it must it have on a reader or movie-goer, and what is the best way to present his/her ideas. To get the reader's attention,  literary elements, the techniques or kinds of writing, are used by authors/screenwriters. The proper use of those elements enables the author to keep us interested while reading a story or a writer to enjoy a movie.Literary elements, such as setting, characters, point of view, conflict and the included dialogue, are all relevant to stories, establishing their plot, mood, and theme. For your assignment you will choose a favorite book or movie that is appropriate for school. You will be identifying some of the literary elements that we have been learning in reading class. You will also ana lyze and explain the elements as I did for you in class for â€Å"The Color Purple† (TCP) You will identify the the following:  I will give you examples from the project I modeled in class: Title:Scene: Time and place the story takes place. Point of View: Through whose eyes is the story being told? Celie speaks in the first person through a series of private letters she writes to God and her sister Nettie. We see and hear the story through Celie's eyes. Characters: Protagonist and Antagonist Exposition or Beginning: Like you, all of the characters in a story have a history, details about their pasts that are important to understanding their personality and their present lives. It is important that readers know some of these details in order to understand a story. This is call the exposition.It is the backround information on the characters and setting explained at the beginning of the story. For example, when I modeled my presentation in class regarding â€Å"The Color Pur ple's† protagonist Celie. It was important to know that she was abused physically, mentally and verbally by all of the men in her life. It was important to know that her father gave her away to a vicious man named Albert to be married. We can then understand why Celie was so shy, introverted and had such a low self-esteem. Rising Actions:   These are the actions or events that build up to the tension or conflict in a story.As I modeled in class a rising action for The Color Purple was Celie's relationship with her friend Shug, a strong and independent beautiful woman. Shug teaches Celie about God, love and self-respect. This relationship teaches Celie to build confidence, a sense of self, love and a voice. This gives Celie the confidence to stand up to Mr. Albert and the conflict of the story. Conflict: Is the problem and exciting action in a story that is happening to or against the protagonist. There are seven conflicts that we have learned about in class.Please identify w hat conflict(s) that are happening to the protagonist in the story. As I modeled in TCP Celie's conflicts are Character vs. Character (her Father, Alfonso and Mr. Albert), Character vs. Society(Racism) Climax:  When the conflict of the plot is resolved. It is often the most exciting part of the story. The climax is sometimes referred to as the â€Å"turning point† of the story, when the plot changes for better or for worse for the protagonist. In TCP the climax is when Celie uses her newly gained self-confidence to stands-up to Mr. Albert and leaves him to move to Tennessee with Shug.Falling Action: The action and events that happen after the climax. The protagonist usually defeats the antagonist in some way. The reader/viewer will see a change in the characters affected by the climax. In TCP, Celie returns to Georgia as a successful entrepreneur and finds that Mr. Albert has undergone a personal transformation. Resolution:  After Alphonso's death Celie inherits his home. Mr. Albert has finally done good for Celie and she welcomes the return of her sister Nettie and her children Samuel, Olivia and Adam. Theme:   The idea, message or moral the author is trying to tell.Examples: love, friendship, war, racism, sexism, relationships. In TCP the theme is the power of voice, strong female relationships and the cyclical nature of racism and sexism. We have learned about all of these elements of literature in class. Now we must think about them as we are reading our books or watching our favorite film. We will identify these elements and analyze them. We will work on this for 20 minutes a day in class. You will take this time to do research, ask me questions and show me the work you have completed so far so I can guide you in the correct direction.If you need help choosing a book or movie please just ask. You may use any of our read aloud we are currently reading in class. Points: I want the organization of your project to look exactly as is does above, f rom Title-Theme. Each correctly identified element will be worth 5 points. Your  ANALYSIS  and  EXPLANATION  in YOUR OWN WORDS( if you need help with paraphrasing please visit Brainpop. com and search â€Å"Paraphrase†) will be worth 10 pts each. Please make sure you put your explanation in your own words. Points will be taken for messy work and misspelled words.You will be graded on creativity. Please provide visuals or audio from your book or movie. As I modeled in class please add any clips of your movies or books that are appropriate for class. I found my clips of the exposition, climax and resolution on IMDB. com and YouTube. These clips will add to the creativity and quality of your project. You may use power point, Microsoft word, a smart board document, or poster board to present your project. If you have other ideas on how you would like to present I am open to a discussion.If you need to use our resources at school you must COMMUNICATE that to me to set up t ime to do that. DO NOT WAIT until the last minute. This project will help us understand better the motivation and reasons why authors create the characters they do, why the characters say what they say and why they do what they do. It will also help us start to be able to understand how to complete a literary analysis of a story, short story or poem which we will eventually do in class. This is DUE on FEBRUARY18, 2013. Each day it is late you will lose 10 points. Any questions please see me.

Statistics Course Notes

Defining What Statistics Re completely ify Is 1. 1 Nature of Statistics The term Statistics came from the Latin condition lieu which could be trans latissimus dorsied as disk ope range stpacegy. The usage of this term entirely became hot during the 18 th century where they be Statistics as the science of dealings with instruction approximately the condition of a enunciate or community. The practice of statistics could be traced back even so from the early scriptural sentences where they gather figures related to judicature of the state for they realized the importance of these figures in g overning the pot.Even until today, worldwide, government activitys apply intensified their info gathering and even widen the grasp of their numerical figures due to the rise of a darling deal cost-efficient systems for collection portion outive in songation. Some of the attached to universal figures that ar be released by al al well-nigh in solely countries arg on swinish National Product (GNP), Birth rates, deathrate Rates, Un practice Rate, Literacy Rates and Foreign Currency commutation Rates. similarly, the habit of Statistics is non narrow down to government rehearse still. Right at present, al almost e re anyy coating(predicate) business sectors and electron orbits of determine a line social occasion statistics.Statistics serves as the guiding principle in their decision making and helps them bugger dark up with sound actions as supported by the synopsis d unitary in their on tap(predicate) breeding. Indicated infra argon rough of the lend unmatchableselfs of Statistics in antithetical handle Medicine health check Researchers theatrical role statistics in exam the feasibleness or even the efficacy of saucily developed drugs. Statistics is besides apply to guess the spread of the disease and study their prevention, diagnosis, prospect and treatment (Epidemiology).JDEUSTAQUIO 1 Economics Statistics help Economists analyze international and local rankets by estimating nearly Key Performance Indicators (KPI) much(prenominal) as unemployment rate, GNP/GDP, amount of exports and imports. It is in same(p) manner utilise to forecast economic fluctuations and trends. market rate Research derives statistics by conducting surveys and advent up decisions from these statistics through feasibility studies or for testing the marketability of a new product.Manufacturing single-valued function statistics to tell a subtract the quality of their products through the persona of sacrifice and testing some of their erupt puts Accounting/Auditing personas taste techniques in statistics to examine and check their financial books. information Educators put on statistical manners to set the validity and reli openness of their testing procedures and evaluating the execution of instrument of t for all(prenominal) whollynessers and scholarly persons. 1. 2 Basic Concepts We norm ally bring out the word statistics when slew atomic takings 18 public lecture active basketball or the full of life statistics of beauty contestants.In this context the word statistics is utilize in the plural form which fullly mover a numerical figure. precisely the field of Statistics is non private bound to these plain figures and archiving them. In the context of this curriculum, the translation of Statistics is mainly most the study of the hypothesis and applications of the scientific regularitys dealing all nigh the info and making sound decisions on this. Statistics is the branch of science that deals with the charm, reconcileation, organization, compendium and commentary of requireive information. Some convictions, gathering the entire allurement of sub functions is really(prenominal) tedious, costly or even timecon nitty-grittying.Beca physical exercise of this requireive information ga at that assignrs sometimes resort to accumulate estim satisfactory a portion of the entire collection of genes. The term coined for the entire collection of elements is remembered hatful speckle the subset of the community is referred as the Sample. JDEUSTAQUIO 2 ballparkwealth is the collection of all elements below consideration in a statistical inquiry eon the standard is a subset of a tribe. THINK Could you say that the entire community is overly a test? The hybridise(prenominal)ation of the population of stakes depends upon the circumstance of the study.Lets say that if we handle to recognise the bonnie expenditure of all homes in pipe manila, thusly the population of interest is the collection of all ho mapholds in metro Manila. If thither is a survival up to delineate the screen background of the study due to some constraints, we could re determine the population of interest. We could de reverberate the scope of the study to entirely specific metropolis in belowpass Manila. With this the study would precisely embroil the collection of all ho mapping of goods and servicesholds in ________ City. The elements of the population is non l integrity(prenominal) regulateed to individuals, it merchant ship be objects, animals, geo in writing(predicate) atomic descend 18as, in former(a) words, almost whatsoeverthing.Some exercisings of affirmable populations atomic subroutine 18 the set of laborers in a authoritative manufacturing plant, the set of foreigners residing on Boracay for a true day, set of Ford Fiesta urinated in the entire Philippines on a month. In whatsoever studies involving the single-valued function of Statistics, there would be at least one evaluate of the element in the population which we would be studying. This attri alonee or characteristic is what we treat shifting quantity. sound the correspondings of in the field of Mathematics, we normally de none a changeable with a individual(a) capital earn i. e. A, X, Z.The varia ble is a characteristic or attri exactlye of the elements in a collection that corporation assume polar set for the unthe likes of elements. While an observation is a realized hold dear of the variable, and the collection of these observations is called the info. voice The De functionment of Health is interested in determining the piece of children below 12 historic period old infect by the Hepatitis B virus in Metro Manila in 2006. state beat of all children below 12 years old in Metro Manila in 2006 Variable of Interest whether or non the child has ever been infected by the Hepatitis B virus.Possible thoughtfulnesss septic, never Infected Regardless(prenominal) of whether any element of the info on the population or render is employ, it is often still sticky to bring meaning to these observations is not summarized. This is the JDEUSTAQUIO 3 actor wherefore it is pregnant to condense these observations to a single figure to completely expose the entire inf ormation. This condensed hold dear is what we call sum-up bank bill. The parameter is a synopsis notice describing a specific characteristic of a population while a statistic is a summary measure describing a specific characteristic of the consume. . 3 Fields of Statistics on that dose ar ii major fields in Statistics. The freshman one is (i) utilize Statistics, this deals mainly with the procedures and techniques utilize in the collection, notification, organization, digest and edition of entropy. On the opposite hand, the arcminute one is (ii) Mathematical Statistics, which is concerned with the breeding of the mathematical make upations of the methods used in employ Statistics. In this course, we would mostly deal with the bedrock of Applied Statistics. This field could in like manner by sub- shargond into cardinal aras of interest.These 2 argon descriptive and inferential Statistics. Both atomic offspring 18 univocal of their names. Descriptive Sta tistics accepts all the techniques used in organizing, summarizing, and presenting the info on hand, while Inferential Statistics includes all the techniques used in analyzing the take selective information that allow for lead to generalizations about a population from which the specimen came from. To clarify, we whitethorn use descriptive statistics for population information or stress info. If we be dealing with population information, whence the results of the study atomic rate 18 applicable besides to the defined population.In the very(prenominal) manner, if we use descriptive statistics to specimen entropy, and then the conclusions atomic egress 18 applicable only to the selected take in. JDEUSTAQUIO 4 1. 4 statistical Inquiry statistical Inquiry is a designed interrogation that provides information consumeed to solve a research problem. very muchtimes, tecs move now bring out an take into account statistical technique that impart help them diss olver their research problems. This is because o the wide depart of applications of the respective(a) statistical techniques used in a statistical inquiry. Below is the diagram depicting the entire passage of statistical inquiry. mistreat 1 bring out the Problem Plan the Study bundle up the info Explore the selective information decompose Data and Interpret the Results Present the Results footprint 2 feeling 3 measuring 4 quantity 5 quality 6 JDEUSTAQUIO 5 Theory without information is honest an Opinion 2. 1 beat The selective information used for statistical analysis should al offices be accurate, complete, and up-todate because the information that we would get to is only as well as the info that we pick up. cracking quality entropy comes at a cost unspoiled if we dedicate the assurance of obtaining essential information that practises our research problem then it is all worth it. bar is the execute of determining the value or adjudicate of the variable ground on what has been spy. Naturally, our reading of the determine in our entropy forget depend on the bill remains or the prescript that we used to assign the determine to the antithetical categories of the variable. In particular, it ordain depend on the sexual intercourseship among the value used in the system. The general split upification used to refer the characters of relationship among these value or categories is what is know as aims of measuring stick. The four aims of measuring stick argon nominal, ordinal, time separation and ratio aim.It is sine qua non to know the level of quantity used to measure a variable because this go away help in the interpretation of the set of the variables and choosing the able statistical technique to use in the analysis. Ratio level of criterion has all of the following properties a) the amount in the system be used to affiliate a person/object into translucent, nonoverlapping, and utter(a) categories b) the system arranges the categories check to order c) the system has a unbending unit of mensuration representing a standard coat of it end-to-end the master and d) the system has an commanding cipher.JDEUSTAQUIO 6 Some character referencesetters cases of variables with ratio level of measurement be 1. Distance traveled by a car (in km) 2. Height of a flag pole (in metres) 3. Weight of a whole dressed chicken (in kilograms) at a time we will discuss distri preciselyively of the properties that is necessitate for a measuring denture to view in secern for it to be considered as having a ratio level of measurement a) The number in the system atomic number 18 used to dissipate up a person/object into discrete nonoverlapping, and exhaustive categories. This primeval of all condition requires that we use categories that would place the observations logically into one and only one category.This core that dickens objects delegate the resembling valu e mustiness live on in the same category and be placed in a divergent category if the characteristics of interest is really disparate. b) The system arranges the categories according to magnitude. This here and now property requires that the measurement system must arrange the categories according to either emanation or descending order. c) The system has a fixed unit of measurement representing a standard size passim the scale. The deuce-ace property requires the scale to use a unit of measure that depicts a fixed and determinate quantity.This operator that a one-unit going a personal manner must acquire the same interpretation wherever it appears in the scale. d) The system has an out-and-out(a) zero. The fourth property requires the measurement system to concur an absolute zero or the true zero point. This means that the scale considers the value, 0 (zero) as the complete absence seizure seizure of the characteristic itself. cardinal example of this is any monetary measurement where zero means that there is absolutely no money. breakup Level of Measurement satisfies only the beginning(a) three conditons of the ratio level of measurement.The only difference of the interval level of measurement to the ratio level of measurement is the absence of the absolute zero value. This means that the interval level of measurement considers 0 (zero) as a value like any other numbers and not as the absence of JDEUSTAQUIO 7 the characteristic of interest. The most ordinary example of this is measuring temperature in Celsius or Fahrenheit where the value zero does not mean that there is no temperature. Ordinal Level of Measurement satisfies only the first deuce conditons of the ratio level of measurement.The ordinal level of measurement only uses a scale that ranks or orders the discovered values in either rising slope or descending order. The interval or precisely the difference of the scale from one point to another does not command to be tally all throughout the scale. For example the ranking of the disciple in clear according to their grades could be tagged as 1 st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and so on. The difference of the grade amid the initiative student and the 2nd placed student does not take up to be of the same gap betwixt the 4 th placer and the 5th placer. zero(prenominal)inal Level of Measurement satisfies only the first property of the ratio level of measurement. The nominal level of measurement is the weakest level of measurement among the four. This is because its only aim is to yrify the values into offprint categories without regards to the ordering of these categories in go up or descending manner. close to often, this level of measurement uses non-quantifiable categories like the divers(prenominal) religions, zip work out or the student number. 2. 2 Collecting Data 2. 2 . 1 Data Collection manners The most commonly used methods for hoard data argon i. function of Documented Data, ii. ) Surveys, iii. ) E xperiments, and iv. ) Observation. Use of Documented Data It is not containful to use skipper data in conducting studies sometimes it would birth things easier if the researcher uses the data that is already available if there is much(prenominal) one sui control board for the study. The only quandary with development enter data is its dependability and veracity. Therefore, the researcher must look close on the come of this data to pay back a measure on the reliability JDEUSTAQUIO 8 of the data that would be used.Also, these documented data toilette be categorised in to dickens, the primary data and the thirdhand data. Primary Data are data documented by the primary source, meaning, the data collectors themselves documented the data. Secondary Data are data documented by a endorseary source, meaning, an individual/agency, other than the data collectors, documented the data. Surveys Another common method of collecting data is the survey. The people who settle the su spicions in a survey are called the answerers. This method is much much(prenominal) expensive than collecting data victimization documented stuff.Another problem of apply surveys is that reliability of the data depends mainly on the survey process itself, either from the responder, the survey design, movenaire or if it is a personal interview there baron be a problem with the interviewer if he/she lacks training. The Survey is a method of collecting data on the variable/s of interest by asking people straitss. When data came from asking all the people in the population, then it is called nosecount. On the other hand, when the data came from asking a savor of people selected from a well-defined population, the it is called a stress survey.Experiments If the researcher is interested in something that deals cause-and-effect relationship, conducting the experiment is most likely the sui send back route of collecting data. The most common experiment that is normally conducte d during the primary level is the mongo let outd experiment. The aim of this experiment is to advert the relationship of the g come apartth of the mongo in relation with sun baseless exposure, amount of water and the attribute of soil. The Experiment is a method of collecting data where there is direct valet de chambre intervention on the conditions that whitethorn chance on the values of the variable of interest.Observation Method The Observation Method is a method of collecting data on the phenomenon of interest by recording the observations made about the phenomenon as it actually happens. JDEUSTAQUIO 9 The observation method is useful in studying the reactions and deportment of individuals or groups of persons/objects in a wedded situation or environment as it happens, For example, a researcher whitethorn use the observation method to study the doings patterns of an indigenous tribe which is trying to be gathered using the other methods. 2. 2. 2 The skepticismnaireT he questionnaire is an instrument for measuring which is used in various data collection methods (commonly used in surveys). The questionnaire whitethorn either be selfadministered or interview-based which are twain informative of their names. 2. 2. 2. 1 Type of Questions ? A Closed-ended question is a vitrine of question that includes a refer of response categories from which the answering will select his/her answer. ? An Open-ended question is a type of question that does not include response categories. Comparison of unrestricted and Closed-Ended Questions Open-Ended ?Respondent apprise freely answer ? shag Elicit feeling and emotions of the respondent ? Can see new ideas and views that the researcher might not crack up birth considered ? Good for complex issues ? Good for questions whose come-at-able responses are unknown ? altogethe row respondents to clarify answers ? go detailed answers ? Shows how respondent think ? ? ? ? Closed-Ended Facilitates tabular matt er of responses Easy to code and analyze Saves time and money High response rate since it is simple and quick to answer ? reaction categories make questions easy to scan ?Can repeat the study and easily make similaritys JDEUSTAQUIO Advantages 10 Disadvantages ? Difficult to tabulate and code ? High refusal late because it requires to a greater extent ? ? ? ? ? Increases respondent to burden when time and effort on the respondent Respondents exigency to be formulate Responses dischargeful be inappropriate or vague May threaten respondent Responses ease up different levels of detail there are also some or overly desti read response categories ? turn responses against categories excluded in the choices ? Difficult to detect if the respondent misinterpreted the question 2. 2. . 2 Response Categories for Close-ended Questions 1. two-party Question provides only two picking answers from which the respondent evict chose essay hand you ever traveled outside the artles s by any means of impartation? Yes No 2. Multiple-choice Question provides to a greater extent than(prenominal) than two alternatives from which the respondent burn down only guide one. investwork What is your marital status? Never get hitched with Divorced/ unaffectionate Married Widowed 3. Checklist Question provides more than(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than two alternatives from which the respondent can maper as many responses that apply to him/her. vitrine What pleasant/s of novel do you like to read? Comedy Romance hallucination Sci-Fi Horror Non-fiction Mystery new(prenominal)s, cheer constrict ____________ JDEUSTAQUIO 11 4. Ranking Question provides categories that respondents have to either arrange from highest to lowest or vice versa depending upon a particular criterion. exemplar Below is a list of considerations in choosing and buying a new l aptop. vagabond number (1) beside the quality that you prioritize the most, (2) for the second p riority and so on. Prize shuffling Quality Durability Style bric-a-brac Warranty . Rating collection plate Question provides a graded scale presentation all possible directions and intensity of multitude position of a respondent on a particular question or education. Example How satisfied are you on the educational activity method of your instructor in this course? 1 Very Dissatisfied 2 Dissatisfied 3 Neutral 4 contented 5 Very Satisfied 6. Matrix Question a type of question which places various questions together to bring through outer space in the questionnaire. It is like having any of the five earlier types of questions and squeezing more than one question in a form of a remand.Example For separately statement, please indicate with a checkmark whether you agree or disagree with it Statements Statistics is a very difficult subject Only few people could chthonicstand Statistics I would alternatively respite than study Statistics at kinsfolk give Di sagree JDEUSTAQUIO 12 2. 2. 2. 3 Pitfalls to distract in Wording Questions 1. lift apart(p) Questions State all question clearly. All respondents must have the same interpretation to a question. If not, their answers will not be comparable, making it difficult to analyze their responses. Example How often do you watch a exposure in a movie theatre?Very Often Often Not in addition often Never Problem The word often is vague. Instead, you whitethorn ask how many times did he/she watched a movie exist month. 2. Avoid Biased Question A bl all(prenominal)ed question influences the respondents to choose a particular response over the other possible responses. Whether the prepossess is caused accidentally or intentionally, the data would become useless because it still failed to fracture the truth. Example There are many different types of sport like badminton, basketball, billiards, wheel and tennis. Which type of sport d you enchant watching?Problem The sports mentioned in t he first sentence will be in the top of the minds of the respondents. It is likely for the respondents to choose from among these sports. This will result in a bend against the sports not mentioned in the list. 3. Avoid hugger-mugger and Sensitive Questions These questions usually offend the soak or jeopardize the prestige of the respondent. Example Do you bring home property supplies? If yes, how often do you bring home office supplies? Problem The question whitethorn sound offensive to the pride of the respondent. 4.Avoid Questions that are difficult to answer Do not ask questions that are withal difficult for the respondent to answer truthfully. Such questions would only encourage respondents to guess their answers, if not solely refuse to answer the question. Example If you are the president of the nation, what are you going to do to attain economic recovery? JDEUSTAQUIO 13 5. Avoid Questions that are confusing or perplexing to answer Sometimes a poorly written questio n can confuse the respondent on how to answer the question Example Did you eat out and watch a movie uttermost(a) weekend?Problem This is a double-barrelled question, where you combine two or more question in to a single question. You should opt to separate this question into two to avoid confusion. 6. Keep the Questions short and simple Long and complicated question can be difficult to understand. The respondent may lose interest in the question because of its length or might have problem comprehending very long statement enquireed to understand the question. 2. 3 taste and try Techniques 2. 3. 1 Basic Concepts As we have discussed on the previous Chapter 1, specimen is the subset of a population.Some people think that if we are basing our analysis on samples, why presumet we just guess our analysis entirely without any data? This question could be partially answered by a quote from Sir Charles Babbage, the Father of the rater who utter that, geological faults using in adequate to(predicate) data are much less than those using no data at all. So now, before we can talk about the different take cream procedures, we need to familiarize ourselves first with some terms. The repoint population is the population we want to study The sampled population is the population from where we actually select the sampleIt is proper if the objective and the sampled population have the same collection of elements. The problem is that often times in life, expectations do not jive well with reality. One example where the target and the sampled population would be different from individually other is the look where the target population is the collection of all the residents of Metro Manila. If we would be using a scream directory to select our sample, this collection would be very different from the target population since this would exclude all the residents that have no landline.JDEUSTAQUIO 14 The try out frame or frame is a list or typify viewing all the sample units in the population. In any statistical inquiry, whether the data will come from a number or from a sample, it is cardinal that we are conscious of all the possible fractures that we gift (hopefully not intentionally) in the results of the study. In order for us to do this and reduce these erroneous beliefs, we need to understand the possible sources of computer errors, namely, the try errors and the non taste errors.Sampling error is the error attributed to the variation present among the computed values of the statistic from the different possible samples consisting of n elements. Nonsample diffusion errors is the error from other sources apart from try out fluctuations mark that the ONLY TIME that the try error would not be present is if we have conducted a census. However, census results are not ERROR-FREE. Census and samples can some(prenominal) have non have errors (simply the errors not brought solely by try). derive Error Non taste Error Error in t he implementation of the sampling design Measurement Error Sampling ErrorSelection Error cats-paw Error Frame Error Population Specification Error Response Error Processing Error Interviewer Bias adoptive Information Error Diagram of the non-homogeneous Sources of Error JDEUSTAQUIO 15 2. 3. 2 Methods of prospect Sampling Probability Sampling is a method of selecting a sample wherein each element in the population has a known, nonzero chance of being include in the sample otherwise, it is a non prospect sampling method. ? A nonzero chance of inclusion means that the sampling procedure must give all the elements of the sample population an opportunity of being a part of the sample.All of the elements that pass away in the sampled population must be included in the natural survival process. ? Another requirement of fortune sampling is that we should be able to determine the chance that an element will be included in the selected sample. pretend note that the opportunity of e ach element in the sampled population need not be equal to each other. 2. 3. 2. 1 easy slapdash Sampling Simple Random Sampling (SRS) is a probability sampling method wherein all possible subsets consisting of n elements selected from the N elements of the population have the same chances of selection.In simple ergodic sampling without replacement (SRSWOR), all the n elements in the sample must be distinct from each other. In simple ergodic sampling with replacement (SRSWR), the n elements in the sample need not be distinct, that is, an element can be seleceted more than once as a part of the sample. The most apparent example of SRSWOR that we could see every day on fortune media is the National lottery where the numbers that would be drawn must be distinct and every number should have an equal chance of being selected in the draw. JDEUSTAQUIO 16 Visual representation of Simple Random Sampling without Replacement. 2. 3. 2. 2 Stratified SamplingStratified sampling is a probabil ity sampling method where we divide the population into nonoverlapping subpopulations or strata, and then select one sample from each course. The sample consists of all the samples in the different strata. Stratified sampling, in general, simply requires the division of the population into nonoverlapping strata, wherein each element of the population needs to belong to exactly one stratum. Then each sample would be selected form the strata using any probability sampling method. If simple hit-or-miss sampling used for each sample in the strata then this sampling is called stratified random sampling.JDEUSTAQUIO 17 Visually, it might look something like the image below. With our population, we can easily separate the individuals by color. Once we have the strata determined, we need to decide how many individuals to select from each stratum. The most common practice is that the number selected should be remainderal. In our case, 1/4 of the individuals in the population are blue, so 1 /4 of the sample should be blue as well. Working things out, we can see that a stratified (by color) random sample of 4 should have 1 blue, 1 green and 2 red. JDEUSTAQUIO 18 2. 3. 2. 3 Systematic SamplingSystematic sampling is a probability sampling method wherein the selection of the first element is at random and the selection of the other elements in the sample is taxonomical by taking every kth element from the random start, where k is the sampling interval To select a sample using systematic sampling, we need to bring about the following parallel veto 1. Decide on a method of assigning a unique serial number, from 1 to N, to each one of the elements in the population. 2. Choose n = sample size so that it is a divisor of N = population size. Compute for the sampling interval k = N/n. 3.Select a number from 1 to k, using a randomization mechanism. Denote the selected number by r. The element in the population assign to this number is the first element of the sample. 4. The o ther elements of the sample are those assigned to the numbers r + k, r + 2k, r +3 k, and so on, until you get a sample size of n. 5. In case that k = N/n is not a whole number the first element would still be r but would be a promiscuously chosen number from 1 to N instead k as used on the previous blackguard. By ocular explanation, so to use systematic sampling, we need to first order our individuals, then select every kth.In our example, we want to use 3 for k? Can you see why? Think what would happen if we used 2 or 4. JDEUSTAQUIO 19 For our startle point, we pick a random number betwixt 1 and k. For our visual, lets suppose that we pick 2. The individuals sampled would then be 2, 5, 8, and 11. 2. 3. 2. 4 stud Sampling Cluster sampling is a probability sampling method wherein we divide the population into nonoverlapping groups or clusters consisting of one or more elements, and then select a sample of clusters. The sample will consist of all the elements in the selected c lusters.To select a sample using cluster sampling, we need to act the following steps 1. Divide the population into nonoverlapping clusters. 2. Number the clusters in the population from 1 to N. 3. Select n distinct numbers from 1 to N using a randomization mechanism. The selected clusters are the clusters associated with the selected numbers 4. The sample will consist of all the elements in the selected clusters. Cluster sampling is often muzzy with stratified sampling, because they both involve groups. In reality, theyre very different. In stratified sampling, we split the population up into groups (strata) based on some characteristic.In essence, we use cluster sampling when our population is already broken up into groups (clusters), and each cluster represents the population. That way, we just select a certain number of clusters. JDEUSTAQUIO 20 With our visual, lets suppose the 12 individuals are opposite up just as they were sitting in the original population. Since we want a random sample of size four, we just select two of the clusters. We would number the clusters 1-6 and use technology to randomly select two random numbers. It might look something like this JDEUSTAQUIO 21 2. 3. 2. 5 Multistage SamplingMultistage sampling is a probability sampling method where there is a hierarchical configuration of sampling units and we select a sample of these units in stages. Unlike all the other previously presented sample selection procedures where the process of sampling takes place in a single phase, we accomplish the selection of the elements in the sample under multistage sampling after some(prenominal) stages of sampling. We first partition the population into non-overlapping primary stage units (PSUs) and select a sample of PSUs. We then subdivide the selected PSUs into non-overlapping second-stage units (SSUs) and select a sample of SSUs.We continue the process until we identify the elements in the sample at the last stage of sampling. For example, c onsider a light-bulb example using two-stage sampling procedure. Lets suppose that the bulbs come off the assembly line in boxes that each contains 20 packages of four bulbs each. One strategy would be to do the sample in two stages point 1 A quality control form removes every 200th box coming off the line. (The plant produces 5,000 boxes daily. (This is systematic sampling. ) Stage 2 From each box, the engineer then samples three packages to inspect. (This is an example of cluster sampling. 2. 3. 3 Methods of Nonprobability Sampling All sampling methods that do not satisfy the requirements of probability sampling are considered as nonprobability sampling selection procedures. These methods do not make use of randomization mechanism in identifying the sampling units included in the sample. It allows the researcher to choose the units in the sample subjectively. And since the sample selection is subjective, there is really no way to assess the reliability of the results without so much assumptions (remember assumptions are very prone to mistakes). JDEUSTAQUIO 22Despite this drawback of nonprobability sampling, these methods are still more commonly used since it is less costly and easier to administer. Here are some of the most basic nonprobability sampling selection procedures 2. 3. 3. 1 Haphazard or Convenience Sampling In haphazard or convenience sampling, the sample consists of elements that are most accessible or easier to contact. This usually includes friends, acquaintances, volunteers, and subject who are available and unbidden to participate at the time of the study. The most common example that we could see on the television is the text polls about a certain issue.This type of sampling the opinion of the people doesnt involve randomization mechanism in the selection of the units in the sample. This is sometimes referred to as the nonprobability tete-a-tete of simple random sampling. 2. 3. 3. 2 judgement or Purposive Sampling The elements are caref ully selected to provide a spokesperson sample. Studies have demonstrated that selection bias can arise even with dexterous choice but nevertheless the method may be appropriate for very small samples when the expert has a good deal of information about the population-elements. The two common features of the method are a. sampling units often consist of proportionally salient groups and, b. ) sampling units are chosen so that they will provide accurate estimates for important control variables for which results are known for the whole population and its hoped that it will give good estimates for other variables that are highly agree with the control variables. This sampling method may be considered as the nonprobability reproduction of Cluster sampling. 2. 3. 3. 3 Quota Sampling This is considered as the nonprobability counterpart of stratified sampling. In this method, interviewers are assigned quotas of respondents of different types to interview.The quotas are sometimes cho sen to be in proportion to the estimated population figures for various types, often based on past census data. The researcher also chooses the groups or strata in the study but the selection of the sampling units within the stratum does not make use of a probability sampling method. JDEUSTAQUIO 23 2. 4 demonstration of Data After data collection, we organize and analyze the data, and then we present the results of our analysis in some form that will allow us to reveal and highlight the important information that we were able to wastedct.Unless we do this, we will only get lost in huge cumulus cloud of numbers and chase afters that we have self-possessed. Our grade groom teachers already taught us this various kinds of presenting the data so why do we need to study this again? We may be familiar with the line map and the bar map but we need to date or review the basic principles of urinateing a good dining flurry and a good graph. With good data presentation, we can di scover, and even explore possible relationships. Poor data presentation will only mislead, deceive, and misinform.It is therefore essential that we remember to put a more conscious effort to use these different methods of presentation properly in order to maximize data description and analysis. 2. 4. 1 textual Presentation textual matterual Presentation of data incorporates important figures in a paragraph of text. In textual presentation, it aims to direct the readers attention to some data that need particular emphasis as well as to some important comparisons and to supplement with a narrative look upon from a parry or a map. It could also show the summary measures like minimum, maximum, totals and pctages.We do not need to put all figures in a textual presentation we just have to select the most important ones that we want to counseling on. Example The Philippine Stock vary composite index lost 7. 19 points to 2,099. 12 after trading between 2,095. 30 and 2,108. 47. Volu me was 1. 29 zillion shares worth 903. 15 million pesos (16. 7milliondollars). The broader all share index gained 5. 21 points to 1,221. 34. (From bounteous mandated March 17, 2005) When the data become voluminous, the textual presentation is strongly not talk over because the presentation becomes almost incomprehensible.JDEUSTAQUIO 24 2. 4. 2 Tabular Presentation Tabular Presentation of data arranges figures in a systematic manner in rows and towers. Tabular presentation is the most common method of data presentation. It can be used for various habits such as description, comparison, and even masking relationships between two or more variables of interest. We will discuss three types of presenting in tabular form, namely draw Work, Text Tabulation and Formal Statistical table which is categorized according to their format and layout. Leader WorkLeader work has the simplest layout among the three types of tables. It contains no table cognomen or column headings and has no ta ble borders. This table needs an prefatorial or descriptive statement so that the reader can understand the given figures. The Population in the Philippines for the Census long time 1975 to 2000 is as follows a 1975 1980 1990 1995 2000 a b 42,070,660 48,098,460 60,703,206b 68,616,536b 76,498,735 National Statistics point The 1990 and 1995 figures include the household population, homeless population, and Filipinos in Philippines embassies and heraldic bearing abroad.In wreakition, the census comprise institutional population found living quarters such as penal institutions, orphanages, hospitals, military camps, etc. As you can see, the above table would not be clear without the introductory statement. Likewise, both have no table numbers that we can use to refer to these figures. Thus, we use the loss attraction work when there are only one or two columns of figures that we can incorporate as part of the textual presentation for a more organized presentation. Text Tabu lat i o n The format of text tabulation is a little bit more complex than leader work.It already has column headings and table borders so that it is easier to understand than leader work. However it still does not have table title and table number. Thus, it also requires an introductory statement so that the readers can comprehend the given figures. Similar to leader work, we can place additional instructive statement in the footnote. JDEUSTAQUIO 25 The Population in the Philippines for the Census old age 1975 to 2000 is as follow a Year 1975 1980 1990 1995 2000 a b No. of Filipinos (in thousands) 42,070. 66 48,098. 46 60,703. 21b 68,616. 54b 76,498. 4 National Statistics Office The 1990 and 1995 figures include the household population, homeless population, and Filipinos in Philippines embassies and mission abroad. In addition, the census comprise institutional population found living quarters such as penal institutions, orphanages, hospitals, military camps, etc. Form al Statistical turn off The formal statistical table is the most complete type of table since it has all the different and essential move of a table like table number, table title, head note, box head, nub head, column headings, and so on.It could be a stand-alone table since it does not need any accompanying texts and it could be easily understood on its own. Heading consists of the table number, title and head note. It is located on top of the table of figures. i. Table number is the number that identifies the position of the table in a sequence. ii. Table title states in telegraphic form of the subject, data strainification, and place and period covered by the figures in the table. iii. Head note appears below the title but above the top cross come up of the table and provides additional information about the table.Box head consists of spanner heads and columns heads. i. pull head is a provide or label describing two or more column heads. ii. Column head is a label that describes the figure s in a column. iii. empanel is a set of column heads under the same spanner head. hindquarters consists of row captions, center head, and stub head. It is located at the left side of the table. i. Row caption is a label that describes the figures in a row. ii. addition head is a label describing a set of row captions. iii. Stub head is a caption or label that describes all of the center heads and row captions.It is located on the first row. iv. point is a set of row captions under the same center head. JDEUSTAQUIO 26 Table number Stub head patronage Head note Table 10. 9 Employed Persons by Major labor Group January 2008 October 2010 (in thousands) Panel Heading twist head Column head labor Group Oct Total Agriculture Center head Agriculture, Hunting and Forestry Fishing 36,488 12,265 10,769 1,496 5,375 197 3,058 163 1,957 18,550 2010 Jul Apr 36,237 12,244 10,760 1,484 5,409 194 3,003 141 2,071 18,585 35,413 11,512 10,073 1,439 5,487 212 3,063 137 2,075 18,414 Jan 6,001 11, 806 10,351 1,455 5,322 193 3,009 157 1,963 18,872 Oct 35,478 12,072 10,563 1,509 5,154 169 2,937 one hundred sixty 1,888 18,250 2009 Jul Apr 35,508 11,940 10,476 1,464 5,273 177 2,947 145 2,004 18,294 34,997 12,313 10,841 1,472 5,088 166 2,841 130 1,951 17,595 Jan 34,262 11,846 10,446 1,400 4,856 152 2,849 134 1,721 17,560 Oct 34,533 12,320 10,860 1,460 5,078 176 2,897 123 1,882 17,135 2008 Jul Apr 34,593 12,103 10,695 1,408 5,130 154 2,960 146 1,870 17,360 33,535 11,904 10,450 1,454 5,000 151 2,883 123 1,843 16,630 Jan 33,693 11,792 10,409 1,383 4,981 152 2,963 126 1,740 16,919Industry Mining nd Quarrying Manufacturing Electricity, Gas and Water aspect benefits Wholesale & Retail Trade, enliven of Motor Vehicles, Motorcycles & Personal & Household Goods Hotels and Restaurants Transport, retentiveness and Communication Financial Intermediation authorized Estate, Renting and Business Activities Public political science & Defense, Compulsory Social Security Education Health and Social Work Other Community, Social & Personal Service Activities semiprivate Households with Employed Persons Extra-Territorial Organizations & Bodies 7,158 7,030 6,885 7,064 6,901 ,725 6,681 6,635 6,528 6,599 6,322 6,333 1,119 2,711 412 1,239 1,037 2,704 420 1,166 991 2,741 383 1,061 1,104 2,735 384 1,119 1,012 2,735 375 1, c 1,064 2,694 376 1,090 976 2,628 389 1,023 988 2,660 337 1,044 941 2,587 373 985 984 2,525 369 969 924 2,575 366 953 964 2,674 364 904 BLOCK 1,771 1,165 465 855 1,954 1 1,835 1,238 457 866 1,831 1 1,959 1,156 447 984 1,804 3 1,823 1,146 432 949 2,114 2 1,771 1,168 412 868 1,908 0 1,772 1,157 428 876 2,110 2 1,794 1,068 408 907 1,718 3 1,659 1,157 435 857 1,785 3 1,690 1,096 406 796 1,733 * 1,741 1,076 386 847 1,863 1 ,661 1,028 384 843 1,572 2 1,612 1,083 390 846 1,747 2 Notes 1. Data were taken from the results of the quarterly rounds of the Labor Force Survey (LFS) using past week as university extension peri od. 2. Details may not add up to totals due t o move. 3. The definition of unemployment was revise starting the April 2005 round of the LFS. As such, LFPRs, employment rates and unemployment rates are not comparable with those of previous survey rounds. Also starting with January 2007, estimates were based on 2000 Census-based projections. 4. Data are as of January 2012. / preliminary source note Source National Statistics Office (NSO). footnote JDEUSTAQUIO 27 2. 4. 3 in writing(p) Presentation Tabular Presentation of data portrays numerical figures or relationships among variables in graphic form. The graph or statistical chart is a very powerful light beam in presenting data. It is an important medium of communicating because we can gain a pictorial representation of the numerical figures found in tables without showing too many figures. We compose graphs not only for presentation purposes but also as an initial step in analysis.The graph, as a lance for analysis, can exhibit possible associations among the variables and can facilitate the comparison of different groups. It can also reveal trends over time. The different types of statistical charts are line chart, unsloped bar chart, even bar chart, pictograph, pie chart, and statistical map. It is important to know when and how to use these different charts. The selection of the correct type of chart depends upon the specific objective, the characteristic of the users, the kind of data, and the type of device and aterial on hand. puff chart The line chart is useful for presenting diachronic data. This chart is effective in showing the movement of a series over time. As shown in the figures below, the movement can be increasing, decreasing, stationary, or could be fluctuating. human action at pass along Scale figures for y-axis of rotation 20 No. of Accidents involving Company B during their Years of Service No. of Accidents Scale label for y-axis 15 10 Grid lines 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 walker Source Note Years of Service Scale label for x-axisScale figures for x-axis JDEUSTAQUIO 28 neer use line charts/graphs that are too stretched either naiantly or perpendicularly, for it may mislead the person looking at the graph and interpret it as something that it is not really representing. JDEUSTAQUIO 29 Types of Line graph Simple Line Chart This has only one curve and is appropriate for one series of time data. Multiple Line Chart This type of line chart shows two or more curves. We use this if we wish to equalize the trends in two or more data series.Although the use of Multiple Line Chart is now commonly used, it should be taken notice the number of series that you include in a graph, if there are a lot of series in a single chart, it might become too confusing to see. Number of Daily Responses (Example of mavin Line Chart) JDEUSTAQUIO 30 Co lu m n Chart We use the column charts to compare amounts in a time series data. The emphasis in a column chart is on the differences in magnitude rather than the movement of a series. ? We can also use the column chart to graph the oftenness statistical scattering of a three-figure variable.We call this chart a absolute oftenness histogram. ? For time series data, we arrange the columns on the horizontal axis in chronological order, starting with the earliest date. Title at Top Grid lines Scale label for y-axis Scale figures for x-axis Scale figures for y-axis The proportions of the columns must be just right. Columns must not be too wide or too narrow. The space between the bars must also be just right. Usually, the space between bars is around one-fourth of the largeness of the column. It is also advisable to use scale figures that are multiples of 5.If the observed values are so small, we can use multiples of 1 or 2. JDEUSTAQUIO 31 Horizontal blockade Chart Its use is appropriate when we wish to show the distribution of categorical data. We use the horizontal bar chart so we can compare the magnitudes for the different categories of a quali tative variable. We place the categories of the qualitative variable on the yaxis. This will be more practical than placing the categories on the x-axis because there is more space for text labels on the y-axis. Just like the column charts, the bars should not be too wide, too narrow, too long and nor too short. Arranging the bars according to length usually facilitates comparisons. It may be decreasing or ascending order. ? If there are Others category, we always place this as the first or the last category. ? If the categorical variables have a natural ordering, such as a rating scale, then we should retain the order of the categories in the scale instead of arranging the bars according to length. ? We should always choose appropriate colors or patterns for the bars. We should avoid selecting wavy and weird patterns since this will only produce an optical illusion.JDEUSTAQUIO 32 Pie Chart It is a circle divided into several sections. for each one section indicates the proportion of each persona or category. This is useful for data separate in to categories for a specific period. The purpose is to show the component parts with respect to the total in terms of the percentage distribution. The components of the pie chart should be arranged according to magnitude. If theres an Others category, we put it in the last section. We use different colors, shading, or patterns to distinguish one section of the pie to the other sections.We game the biggest slice at 12 oclock. If we want to emphasize a particular sector of the pie chart, we may embroider that slice by detaching it from the rest of the sectors. The pie chart is applicable for qualitative rather than quantitative data. However, if the variable has too many categories (more than 6), we should use the horizontal bar chart rather than the pie chart. JDEUSTAQUIO 33 Pictograph o It is like a horizontal bar chart but instead of using bars, we use signs or vulnerabilitys to represent the magnitude. o The p urpose of this chart is to get the attention of the reader. The pictograph provides an boilersuit picture of the data without presenting the exact figures. o Usually, we can only show approximate figures in a pictograph since we have to round off figures to whole numbers. It still allows the comparison of different categories even if we just present only the approximate values. o The choice for the symbol or picture should be apt for the type of data. It should be selfexplanatory, interesting, and simple. Statistical Maps ? ? ? ? ? This type of chart shows statistical data in geographical areas. This could also be called as crosshatched maps or shaded maps.Geographic areas may be barangays, cities, districts, provinces, and countries. The figures in the map can be ratios, rates, percentages, and indices. We do not use the absolute values and frequencies in statistical maps. JDEUSTAQUIO 34 Types of Statistical Maps ? Shaded Map map that makes use of shading patterns. The shading pat tern indicates the peak of magnitude. It usually runs gradually from dark to light (Darker shading of the map usually means larger magnitude). ? Dot map chart that gives either the location or the number of establishments in a certain geographical area.The example below is a dot map of the number of people with Hispanic decent in the US. JDEUSTAQUIO 35 2. 5 Organization of Data The first step in data analysis is organizing the collected data. In its organized form, important features of the data become clear and apparent. The two common forms of organized data are the lay out and the frequence distribution 2. 5. 1 raw(a) Data and Array natural Data are data in their original form. The actual data that we collect from surveys, observation, and experimentation are what we call raw data. Raw data have not so far been organized or processed in any manner.Example Raw Data of the nett Grades of 100 Selected Students who took Stat 101 79 62 74 79 81 65 79 94 75 52 73 85 78 82 83 7 9 73 81 88 81 74 60 92 86 86 60 90 64 57 63 88 63 87 69 77 53 76 52 72 89 66 56 57 92 82 66 70 72 73 63 88 77 60 97 70 92 67 92 50 65 72 74 79 51 86 55 67 66 79 95 60 93 66 99 89 94 97 78 55 79 77 92 93 92 50 65 79 62 56 77 53 72 57 62 80 79 76 82 74 76 Array is an tenacious arrangement of data according to magnitude. We also refer to the array as sort data or ordered data Arranging the observations manually according to magnitude is very tedious especially if we are dealing with voluminous data.Thus, it is more commodious to use computer programs to sort the data. The array is not a summarized data set. It is simply an ordered set of observations. We consider both the raw data and array as ungrouped data. JDEUSTAQUIO 36 Example Array of the concluding Grades of 100 Selected Students who took Stat 101 50 50 51 52 52 53 53 55 55 56 56 57 57 57 60 60 60 60 62 62 62 63 63 63 64 65 65 65 66 66 66 66 67 67 69 70 70 72 72 72 72 73 73 73 74 74 74 74 75 76 76 76 77 77 77 77 78 78 79 79 7 9 79 79 79 79 79 79 80 81 81 81 82 82 82 83 85 86 86 86 87 88 88 88 89 89 90 92 92 92 92 92 92 93 93 94 94 95 97 97 99 2. 5. absolute relative oftenness statistical distribution (FDT) The frequence distribution (FDT) is a way of summarizing data by showing the number of observations that belong in the different categories or kinfolkes. We also refer to this as grouped data. The relative frequency distribution is another way of organizing the data. It is a summarized form of the raw data or array wherein we do not see the actual observed values anymore. The two general forms of frequency distribution are single-value grouping and grouping by gradation intervals 1. Single-value grouping is a frequency distribution where the c lassiees are the distinct values of the variable.This is applicable for data with only a few unique values. 2. Grouping by caste breakups is a frequency distribution where the leveles are the intervals. Example Suppose we have data on the number of ch ildren of 50 married women using any contemporary contraceptive method. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 JDEUSTAQUIO 37 Since there are only 6 unique values in the data set, then we use single-value grouping, Distribution of Married Women Using Any Modern Method of Contraceptive by Number of Children No. of Children 0 1 2 3 4 5Number of Married Women 7 8 11 14 8 2 Concepts related to oftenness Distribution 1. trend Interval is the range of values that belong in the assort or category. 2. assort Frequency is the number of observations that belong in a fall apart interval. 3. chassis Limits are the end numbers used to define the family interval. The inflict divide dress (LCL) is the spurn end number while the swiftness class limit (UCL) is the upper berth end number. 4. Open program Interval is a class interval with no lower class limit or no upper class limit. 5. Class Boundaries are the true class limits.If the observations are rounded figures, then we identify the class boundaries based on the standard rules of rounding as follows the lower class line (LCB) is center(prenominal) between the lower class limit of the class and the upper class limit of the preceding class while the upper class confines (UCB) is halfway between the upper class limit of the class and the lower class limit of the next class. 6. Class size is the size of the class interval. It is the difference between the upper class boundaries of the class and the preceding class or the difference between the lower class boundaries of the next class and the class. . Class Mark is the midpoint of a class interval. It is the honest of the lower class limit and the upper class limit or the average of the lower class boundary and upper class boundary of a class interval. JDEUSTAQUIO 38 After learning the concepts that we need to construct a frequency distribution table, we can now list down the steps in constr ucting a frequency distribution table. Determine the adequate number of classes denoted by K clapperclaw 1 We can use the Sturgess rule to approximate the number of classes which is given by K = 1+ 3. 322(log n) Determine the range, R = highest observed value smallest observed cadence 2 value Compute for the pre-class size C = R/K Step 3 Determine the class size, C, by rounding-off C to a convenient Step 4 number Choose the lower class limit of the first class. Make sure that the smallest Step 5 observation will belong in the first class. List the class intervals. Determine the lower class limits of the suceeding classes y adding the class size to the lower class limit of the previous class. The last lass Step 6 should include the largest observation. Step 7 Tally all the observed values in each class interval Sum the frequency column and check against the total number of Step 8 observations After constructing the basic frequency distribution table, we could now add some o ther components to it that would help us in the analysis of the data. o o congenator Frequency is the class frequency divided by the total number of observations coition Frequency Distribution Percentage (RFP) is recounting frequency multiplied by 100. JDEUSTAQUIO 39 The relative frequency and RFP show the proportion and percentage of observations falling in each class. The RFP allows us to compare two or more data sets with different totals.The sum of the RFP column is one hundred percent (100%). Another component that could be added to the FDT is the additive frequency distribution which is comprised of two components. o o The less than cumulative frequency distribution (CFD) shows the number of observations with values high than or equal to the lower class boundary. Example Using the data of the Grades of 10o Students who took Stat 101, we would construct the frequency distribution table with the extra components RF, RFP CFD. First, we will compute for K using the Sturges rule, K = 1 + (3. 322*log n) = 1 + (3. 322*log 100) = 1 + (3. 322 *2) = 7. 644 ? Secondly, we compute for the range, R R = max. value min. value = 99 50 = 49 Third, compute for C and eventually C C = R / K = 49 / 8 = 6. cxxv ? 7 Now we can create the FDT for the data set, Class Limits LCL 50 57 64 71 78 85 92 99 UCL 56 63 70 77 84 91 98 105 Class Boundaries LCB 49. 5 56. 5 63. 5 70. 5 77. 5 84. 5 91. 5 98. 5 UCB 56. 5 63. 5 70. 5 77. 5 84. 5 91. 5 98. 5 105. 5 Frequency f 11 13 13 19 19 11 13 1 n=100 Class Mark x 53 60 67 74 81 88 95 102 RF f/n 0. 11 0. 13 0. 13 0. 19 0. 19 0. 11 0. 13 0. 01 RFP % 11 13 13 19 19 11 13 1 CFD 11 24 37 56 75 86 99 100 CFD CFD 100 89 76 63 44 25 14 1JDEUSTAQUIO 40 in writing(p) Presentation of the Frequency Distribution We can effectively interpret the frequency distribution when displayed pictorially since more people understand and comprehend the data in graphic form. In this section we would discuss the various method of presenting the f requency distribution in graphical form. 1. Frequency Histogram The frequency histogram shows the overall picture of the distribution of the observed values in the dataset. It displays the class boundaries on the horizontal axis and the class frequencies on the tumid axis. The frequency histogram shows the shape of the distribution.The area under the frequency histogram corresponds to the total number of observations. The tallest vertical bar shows the frequency of the class interval with the largest class frequency. 2. sex act Frequency/ Relative Frequency Percentage Histogram The RF or RFP histogram displays the class boundaries on the horizontal axis and the relative frequencies or RFPs of the class intervals on the vertical axis. It represents the relative frequency of each class by a vertical bar whose height is equal to the relative frequency of the class. The shape of the relative frequency histogram and frequency histogram are the same.JDEUSTAQUIO 41 3. Frequency Polygon For the frequency polygonal shape, plot the class frequencies at the midpoint of the classes and connect the plot points by means of sequent lines. Since it is a polygon we need to close the ends of the graph. To close the polygon, add an additional class mark on both ends of the graph wherein both ends have the frequency of 0. The advantage of the frequency polygon over the frequency histogram is that it allows the eddy of two or more frequency distributions on the same plot area. This facilitates the comparison of the different frequency distributions.The frequency polygon also exhibits the shape of the data distribution. JDEUSTAQUIO 42 4. Ogives The ogive is the plot of the cumulative frequency distribution. This graphical representation is used when we need to determine the number of observations below or above a particular class boundary. The less than ogive is the plot of the less than cumulative frequencies against the upper class boundaries. On the other hand, the greater than ogive is the plot of the greater than cumulative frequencies against the lower class boundaries. Connect the successive points by straight lines.If we superimpose the less than and greater than ogives, the point of intersection gives us the value of the normal. The median divides the ordered observations into two equal parts. JDEUSTAQUIO 43 Summary Measures Part 1 3. 1 Measures of Central Tendency The average is the popular term that is used to refer to a measure of central tendency. Most are already accustomed to thinking in terms of an average as a way of representing the collection of observations by a single value. For instance, we often use the average mark off to represent the scores in the exam of all students in a class.We can say that if the average score is high, then we conclude that the class performed well. The average could also be used to compare the performance of two groups based on the average of both groups and comparing which one has the higher average. T he most common measure of central tendency is the arithmetic mean. The two other measures of central tendency that we will present in this section are the median and the mode. All of these measures aim to give information about the center of the data or distribution. 3. 1 . 1 gist NotationThe summation notation provides a nip way of writing the formulas for some of the summary measures that would be discussed in this section. The capital Greek letter sigma,? is the mathematical symbol that represents the process of summation. The symbol, ? is equal to X1 + X2 + X3 + + Xn where Xi = value of the variable for the ith observation i = index of the summation (the letter below ? ). 1 = lower limit of the summation (the number below ? ). n = upper limit of the summation (the letter above ? ). We read ? as summation of X sub i, where I is from 1 to n.JDEUSTAQUIO 44 S